NaimExplain

Policy issues and goals for alternative renewable energy ? Answer: Encouraging and funding alternative energy research and development. Ensuring fair access to alternative energy sources. Developing a fiscal framework that takes into account the external costs of fossil fuels and the benefits of alternative energy sources. Developing planning initiatives that promote environmentally preferred and socially acceptable alternative energy. Establishing industrial training programs to retrain workers in alternative energy industries (rural agricultural regions and former coal mining communities). Encouraging funding institutions to support community investment in alternative energy.

Difference between geothermal electric and ground source heat pumps ? Answer: Geothermal systems use heat directly from natural sources like hot springs, geysers and volcanic hot spots like the installation on the right in Iceland. Ground source heat pumps are air conditioners that use groundwater or simply soil to cool the condenser instead of an outside coil and fan. It uses electricity to move heat energy from one place to the other. Run it backwards and it provides heat, more efficiently than using the electricity directly.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy? Advantages of geothermal energy : Environmental impact is not as extensive as that of other sources of energy.Production of geothermal energy only released about 12% of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide released from burning coal to produce a given amount of electricity. Development of geothermal energy does not require large-scale transportation of raw materials or refining of chemicals as development of fossil fuels does. Does not produce the atmospheric pollutants associated with burning fossil fuels or the radioactive waste associated with nuclear energy. Disadvantages of geothermal energy : On site noise, emissions of gas, disturbance of the land at drilling sites, disposal sites, roads and pipelines, and power plants. Produces considerable thermal pollution from hot wastewaters which may be saline or highly corrosive. Degradation of tropical forests as developers construct roads, build facilities, and d

Why is geothermal energy source limited for use? Answer: May be considered a nonrenewable energy source when rates of extraction are greater than rates of natural replenishment. Origin in the natural heat production within earth

What is geothermal energy? How can electricity be generated using geothermal energy? Geothermal energy is natural heat from the interior of the Earth that is converted to heat buildings and generate electricity. Used in 21 countries; total worldwide production is about 9,000 MW; supplies less than 0.15% of the total energy supply In some areas, heat flow is sufficiently high to be useful for producing energy. for the most part, areas with high heat flow are associated with plate tectonic boundaries. Oceanic ridge systems (divergent plate boundaries) and areas where mountains are being uplifted and volcanic island arcs are forming (convergent plate boundaries) are areas where this natural heat flow is anomalously high -> ex: Western U.S. Several types of hot geothermal systems (more than 80 degrees celsius) are said to be resource bases larger than that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy combined. Lower temperature geothermal sources that cannot be used to produce electric

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel? Advantages of using biodiesel : Renewable energy source. Less polluting than petroleum diesel. Lack of sulfur extends the life of catalytic converters. Cleaner fuels and keep the engine running longer. Brings down overall pollution check costs. Can be blended with other energy resources and oil. Lower carbon emissions and less greenhouse gases. Disadvantages of using biodiesel : 1.5x more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel. A lot of energy required for sowing, fertilizing, harvesting and producing fuel from soy crops. Dirt can clog the fuel filter. Can't be transported in pipelines, increases the cost. Not suitable in low temperatures. Forms into gel or crystals which block fuel lines in a vehicle.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using ethanol? Advantages of using ethanol : Wastes are now treated to produce biogas and liquid fertilizers recycled to sugarcane fields In Hawaii, sugarcane waste is burned to produce electricity There is now sufficient idle farmland to produce enough ethanol to meet fuel needs for most of the U.S. vehicles; however, this is not practical for economic reasons and automobile engines would need modifications to run smoothly on pure ethanol. Disadvantages of using ethanol :  The wastes from ethanol distillation were originally dumped in rivers, causing water pollution.

What is the difference between ethanol and biodiesel? Ethanol: Energy crops such as sugarcane are grown to be fermented to produce ethanol, a fuel that can be used in automobiles  Brazil produces about 12 billion liters of ethanol per year which equals 60% of the fuel used for the nation's cars or about 15% of the total use of petroleum Example - alcohol produced by corn, potato, sugar, wheat, etc.  Biodiesel: Renewable, and clean burning energy source Made from a mix of feedstocks. Recycled cooking oil, soybean oil, and animal fats. (and algae) It can be used in only diesel engines without modifications Biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions by at least 57 percent and up to 86 percent compared to petroleum diesel. Reduces lot of pollution from big trucks which use petroleum diesel.

What is biomass energy? Answer: Biofuel is energy recovered from -biomass - organic matter such as plant material and animal waste. The energy from biomass comes from chemical bonds formed through photosynthesis in living or once living matter. Biomass fuel is organic matter that can be burned directly or converted to a more convenient form and then burned (oldest) Biomass continued to be a major source of energy in human beings throughout the history of civilizations in North America. Forests were cleared for agriculture by girdling trees and the wood was used as fuel. More than 1 billion people still use wood as their primary source of energy for heat and cooking. In developing countries, biomass provides about 35% of the total energy supply. Energy from biomass can take several routes: direct burning of biomass either to produce electricity or to heat water and air; heating of biomass to form a gaseous fuel (gasification); and distillation or processing of biomass to pro

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wind power? Disadvantage of wind power: The cost of producing electricity from wind must be competitive with other sources to be economically viable -> now it costs less than electricity from natural gas. Large windmill farms use large areas of land for roads, pads for windmills, and other equipment. Windmills may degrade an area's scenic resources. Advantage of wind power:  Large energy potentially, turbine designs have improved drastically, and cost is competitive with fossil fuels (meaning low cost). Advantage of areas such as coastal region of the northeastern U.S. and a belt extending from northern Texas through the Rocky Mountain states and the Dakotas, and winds in the Pacific Northwest coastal area. Serves as an alternative energy source that will help reduce dependence on fossil fuel and help achieve sustainability. Wind energy is growing at about 30% per year It is believed that there is enough ewin e

What limits the use of wind power? Wind tends to be highly variable in time, place, and intensity. Even in a particular area, the direction, velocity, and duration of wind may be quite variable depending on local topography and temperature differences in the atmosphere (geographic, meteorological problem) wind velocity increases over hilltops (vertical convergence) and wind may be funneled through a mountain pass (horizontal convergence). Need instruments that measure and monitor over time the strength, direction, and duration of the wind. Small windmills generate only 1 Kw of power which is too small to be considered for central power generation needs. California wind farms produce about 1.5% of the state's electricity. Total installed world wind power is 48,000 MW which is 48 times those of nuclear power plant

What is wind power? Answer: Wind power, like solar power, has evolved over a long period of time, from early chinese and Persian civilizations to the present. Used to propel ships, drive windmills, grind grain, pump water, generate electricity, etc. Winds are produced when differential heating of Earth's surface creates air masses with differing heat contents and densities. Wind power is when wind spins turbines to create energy. Wind power can be inconsistent and will not work in some areas that are wooded, or do not get lots of wind.

What is tidal power? Tidal power is a type of water power derived from ocean tides and can be traced back to tenth century britain, where tides were used to power coastal mills. Cannot be used in many areas because tides have to be within the minimum range of about 8m. To harness tidal power, a dam is built across the entrance to a bay or estuary, creating a reservoir. When there is sufficient water to run the turbines, the dam is opened, and water flow through it into the reservoir, turning the blades of the turbines and generating electricity - ebb tide (tide falling), flood tide (tide rising) - the first and largest modern tidal power plant is the La Rance tidal power plants in north coast france - Produces about 240,000 kW from 24 power units spread out across the dam Environmental effects: - change in the hydrology of a bay or estuary caused by the dam can adversely affect the vegetation and wildlife. - dam restricts upstream and downstream passage of fish. - the

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using hydroelectric energy? - Hydropower can be used to generate either electrical power or mechanical power to run machinery; its use may help reduce the high cost of importing energy - Can help small operations become more independent of local utility providers. - Water power is clean power; it requires no burning of fuel, does not pollute the atmosphere, produces no radioactive or other waste, and is efficient. Environmental prices to pay ( Disadvantages of using hydroelectric energy) : Large dams and reservoirs flood large tracts of land that could have had other uses - towns and agricultural lands may be lost. Dams block the migration of some fish. Dams trap sediment that would otherwise reach the sea and eventually replenish the sand on the beaches. Many people do not want to turn wild rivers into a series of lakes. Reservoirs with large surface areas increase evaporation of water compared to pre-dam conditions. In

What is hydroelectricity? How much of the US electric supply is generated by hydroelectric power plants? Answer: Water power is a form of stored solar energy, because climate, which dictates the flow of water on Earth, is driven in part by differential solar heating of the atmosphere. Today, hydroelectric power plants use the water stored behind dams. In the U.S., hydroelectric plants generate about 80,000 MW of electricity - about 10% of the total electricity produced in the nation like in Norway and Canada, hydroelectric power plants produce most of the electricity used. Hydropower can also be used to store energy through the process of pump storage. During times when demand for power is low, electricity produced from oil, coal, or nuclear plants in excess of the demand is used o pump water uphill to a higher reservoir. Then, during times when demand is high, the stored water flows back down to a low pool through generators to help provide energy. Micro-hydropower systems,

What are the major advantages of using hydrogen as an energy source? - High quality, and can be used like fossil fuels, and fuel cells (similar to batteries in that electrons flow between negative and positive poles, but fuel cell generates electricity rather than just storing it as in a battery) use hydrogen to produce electricity. - The advantages are that when it is burned, it produces water and no SOX or CO2 is released. It can also be transported in pipelines and stored in tanks; and it can be produced using solar and other renewable resources. Also, since it can store energy, it can be used with other types of alternative energies, and on days when there is no sun or wind, hydrogen can be used to produce electricity. - The disadvantage is that hydrogen gas must be produced. It is not widely used because it is an unstable form of energy. Also one way to produce hydrogen is to use an electrical current to separate hydrogen from water through electrolysis. This way to prod

Where in the US is solar energy potential the greatest? Answer: - The midwest due to the high amount of sun and open area. - Luz solar electric-generating system (Mojave desert) - nine solar farms comprises a power plant surrounded by solar collections. The system uses these solar collectors to heat a synthetic oil that flows through heat exchangers, which drive a steam turbine generator. An advantage to this system is that it is modular, which allows for individual solar farms to be constructed relatively quickly. It is a success because it uses a natural gas burner backup system for cloudy days and during times of peak demand. Therefore, it is a combination of solar technology and conventional power generation.

What is solar thermal electric generation? Briefly describe how it works. Disadvantages of using solar energy Answer: The system works by collecting heat from solar energy and delivering this energy in the form of steam to turbines that produce electric power. How it works : An experimental 10-MW power tower near Barstow, California, is surrounded by mirror modules with reflective areas. The mirrors adjust continually to reflect as much sunlight into the tower as possible. This system was also capable of storing the energy in a molten salt heat-storage system Disadvantages of using solar energy:  It is relatively dispersed, arriving at Earth's surface like a fine mist, so that a large land area is required to generate a large amount of energy. Highly centralized and high-technology solar energy units, such as solar power towers, have a greater impact on the land because they need more space. Concern in the involvement of the large variety of metals, glass, plasti

What are photovoltaics (PV)? What are the environmental costs and benefits of photovoltaic systems? - Photovoltaics is a technology that converts sunlight directly into electricity. Photovoltaics are the world's fastest growing source of energy, with a growth rate of about 35% per year. - Electricity is produced when sunlight strikes the cell. The different electronic properties of the layers cause electrons to flow out of the cell through electrical wires. - Uses for photovoltaics include supplying power to satellites and space vehicles and commercial uses such as a power source in remote areas for electrical equipment such as water-level sensors, meteorological stations, and emergency telephones. - It is emerging as a significant contributor to developing countries that do not have the financial abilities to build large central power plants that burn fossil fuels (cost of less than $400 per household). This is convenient for homes mostly in villages that are not link

What are the costs and benefits of active solar heating systems? Answer: Solar collectors are experiencing rapid growth. The global market grew about 50% from 2001-2004. Solar water heating systems are economically viable, paying for themselves in only four to eight years.

How does active solar water heating work? Answer: -  Active solar energy systems require mechanical power, usually electric pumps and other apparatuses, to circulate air, water, or other fluids from solar collectors to a location where the heat is stored until used. There are mechanical parts such as pumps and fans to distribute energy. - Solar collectors to provide space heating or, more commonly, hot water are usually flat panels consisting of a glass-covered plate over a black background where an absorbing fluid (water or a volatile liquid) is circulated through tubes. Solar radiation enters the glass and is absorbed by the black background. Heat is emitted from the black material, heating the fluid circulating in the tubes. In cold climates, a liquid with a low freezing temperature is used because water is a poor absorbing fluid because it can freeze. - The design of evacuated tube collectors are similar to the flat-plate collector. The difference is that each tube,

What are the environmental costs and benefits of passive solar? Answer: -most cost effective when part of design for new building. -adding to old building can still be cost effective in long run. -benefits: lower heating bill, environmentally friendly

How does passive solar design work? Architectural designs that enhance absorption of solar energy by using/adjusting for natural changes that occur throughout the year without requiring mechanical changes - design overhangs on buildings that block summer sunlight but allow winter sunlight. - build wall that absorbs solar energy and heats room. - use trees that lose leaves in winter - plant on sunny side of building → summer shade to cool buildings. - natural lighting through skylights → glazing on glass transmits light and gives insulation

What is active solar energy? Answer: Active solar energy systems require mechanical power, usually electric pumps and other apparatuses, to circulate air, water, or other fluids from solar collectors to a location where the heat is stored until used. There are mechanical parts such as pumps and fans to distribute energy.

What is passive solar energy? Answer: Passive solar energy systems often involve architectural designs that enhance the absorption of solar energy by using and adjusting for natural changes that occur throughout the year without requiring mechanical power. There are no moving or mechanical parts.

Which alternative energy sources are indirect? Answer: Indirect solar energy includes hydropower, wind, biomass, fossil fuels, and etc.

What is the difference between direct and indirect solar energy? Answer: Direct solar energy is when the energy from the sun is directly converted to energy, but indirect solar energy is when the sun heats up plants, or water, to convert that into energy.

What are several reasons that renewable energy sources are not used as much as fossil fuels? -Not always available when needed. For example solar energy cannot be used at night, or on cloudy days. -Not equally available in all geographic locations. For example solar energy is not suitable in an area with lots of trees, biodiesel cannot be used in cold areas, wind energy cannot be used in areas where there is not a lot of wind constantly, and etc. -More expensive than fossil fuels because of federal subsidies.

How are water and biomass fundamentally different from solar and wind energy? - Water and biomass are potentially depletable, but solar and wind energy will always be there as long as the sun shines and the wind blows. Water power and biomass energy are not always automatically renewed by nature. They may be depleted if the environment necessary for their renewal is not maintained. - For biomass to be renewable for biofuels, both water and soil are necessary for plant growth. If either of these is depleted, then biomass production may decrease or even stop. - Water behind a dam depends on the climate to produce runoff. If the climate becomes arid, runoff may be reduced and the dam will store less water and produce less electricity. If people divert river water for crops upstream of a dam, there will be less water in the reservoir and hydropower will be reduced.

Why does your textbook consider geothermal energy to be nonrenewable? Answer: The textbook believes that geothermal is nonrenewable because the heat in the earth is not replenishable.

How does the US Energy Information Administration classify geothermal energy? Answer: US Energy Information administration classifies geothermal as renewable, because they believe it is replenishable, because it cannot be exhausted.

Which alternative energy source is potentially depletable? Answer: Nuclear Energy, and Geothermal / (Biomass and Water are potentially depletable).

What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources? Answer: The primary differences between renewable alternative energy sources and fossil fuels is analogous to the difference between a checking account that receives regular monthly deposits and a checking account that receives an initial large deposit but no further deposits. •The account receiving regular deposits will, over the long term, not be depleted -> renewable alternative energy •The second account will be depleted eventually (similar to oil), although the timing will depend on the rate at which the funds are spent Fundamental planning differs as well ~ using solar energy requires that we live and plan within the constraints of the energy provided by the sun. ~ using oil requires planning based on a resource that is finite and is being depleted.

What are alternative energy sources? Answer: -Alternative energy sources are anything that is not fossil fuels. -They can either be renewable or nonrenewable.

Do strategic alliances with suppliers make sense? Answer: Firms can capture the benefits of vertical integration without the associated organizational problems by forming long-term strategic alliances with key suppliers.

Why buy (buying component parts of independent suppliers)? Answer: - Gives the firm greater flexibility: important when changes in exchange rates and trade barriers alter the attractiveness of various supply sources over time - Helps the firm capture orders from international customers: can help firms gain orders from suppliers' countries - Helps drive sown the firm's cost structure: avoids challenged of coordination and control additional subunits, avoids the lack of incentive associated with suppliers, avoids the difficulties with setting appropriate transfer prices

What is global learning and how does it apply to the strategic role of foreign factories? Answer: - Definition: Valuable knowledge can be found in foreign subsidiaries - Implies that firms are less likely to switch production to new locations simply because some underlying variable like wage rates has changed

Where does improvement in a facility come from? Answer: - Pressure to lower costs or respond to local markets - An increase in the availability of advanced factors of production

What is the strategic role of foreign factories? Answer: Factories established to take advantage of low cost labor can evolve into facilities with advanced design capabilities (can change over time).

What are the hidden costs of foreign production locations? Answer: - Possible union issues - High employee turnover - Poor workmanship - Poor product quality - Low productivity

What are the effects of whether the product serves universal needs? Answer: When products serve universal needs, the need for local responsiveness falls, and concentrating manufacturing in a central location makes sense.

What are the effects of the product's value-to-weight ratio? Answer: - If the value-to-weight ratio is high, produce the product in a single location and export to other parts of the world - If the value-to-weight ratio is low, there is greater pressure to manufacture the product in multiple locations across the world

What are the two product factors that impact location? Answer: 1. The product's value-to-weight ratio 2. Whether the product serves universal needs

When does production in multiple locations makes sense? Answer: - Both fixed costs and the minimum efficient scale of production are relatively low - Appropriate flexible manufacturing technologies are not available

When does production in a few concentrated locations make sense? Answer: - Fixed costs are substantial - The minimum efficient scale of production is high - Flexible manufacturing technologies are available

Why are the minimum efficient scale important to technological factors? Answer: - Definition: The level of output at which most plant-level scale economies are exhausted - When minimum efficient scale is high, choose centralized production in a single location or a limited number of locations - When minimum efficient scale is low, respond to local market demands and hedge against currency risk by operating in multiple locations

Why is the level of fixed costs important to technological factors? Answer: - If fixed costs are high, produce in a single location or a few locations - When fixed costs are low, multiple production plants may be possible - Allows firms to respond to local demand

What should a firm consider when thinking of the important country factors? Answer: - The availability of skilled labor and supporting industries - Formal and informal trade barriers - Expectations about future exchange rate changes - Transportation costs - Regulations affecting FDI

Why are country factors important? Answer: Manufacturing should be located where economic, political, and cultural conditions are most conducive to the performance of that activity in order to create a global web of activities and global concentrations of activities at certain locations.

What should firms consider when thinking about location? Answer: - Country factors - Technological factors - Product factors

Where should production be located? Answer: Firms should locate production so that: - production and logistics can be locally responsive - production and logistics can respond quickly to shifts in customer demand

How an production and logistics add value by better serving customer needs? Answer: Eliminate defective products from the supply chain and manufacturing process.

How can production and logistics lower the costs of value creation? Answer: Disperse production to the most efficient locations manage the global supply chain efficiently to better match supply and demand.

What are the five main production issues for firms? Answer: 1. Where should production activities be located? 2. What should be the long-term strategic role of foreign production sites? 3. Should the firm own foreign production activities or outsource those activities to independent vendors? 4. How should a globally dispersed supply chain be managed, and what is the the role of internet-based in formation technology in the management of global logistics? 5. Should the firm manage global logistics itself, or should it outsource the management to enterprises that specialize in this activity?

What does the following quotation from the chaplain at the Portuguese embassy in Ethiopia reveal about the power of the Ethiopian state? "The people speak the truth little, even when they make oath, unless they swear by the head of the King. They are very afraid of excommunication, and if they are ordered to do something that is to their disadvantage they do it from fear of excommunication." Answer:Although, the Ethiopian state leaders were often times distant from their people, the state still had a great deal of authority because of the ability to suspend members from the Church. Being a member of the Ethiopian church was vital for most people's lives and the possible threat of being suspended from the community was enough to give the state a considerable amount of power. The Ethiopian state clearly had a great deal of power and great diplomatic relations.

How was power more centralized in the administration of Songhay than in that of Mali? Answer:In Songhay, as new provinces were conquered for the empire, traditional rulers were replaced by royal appointees. They were usually members of the royal family or trusted servants. Their positions were not hereditary and these provincial governers were directly dependent upon the king for their appointment. Each governor recruited his own local army which was used for ensuring the regular payment tribute by the farms of the province. The removal of traditional rulers and the centralisation of power helped prevent provinces from breaking away during periods of dynastic dispute or rule by weak kings, and this strengthened the Songhay administration.

Why did village clans group together to form larger chiefdoms? Answer:Village clans in ancient Ghana grouped together to form larger chiefdoms in response to the Sahara growing increasingly drier and hotter. This limited the amount of good farming land, so it was likely that these iron-smart clans would work together to secure the best farming lands for themselves. They would also work join into clans to protect themselves from the traveling nomads' raids of the Sahara.

If there were agricultural surpluses in Ancient Egypt, where were they stored? What were they used for and by whom? Answer:When the people of Egypt produced an agricultural surplus, it was collected as tax and stored in huge government storehouses or vaults. They were mainly used to fund and feed the lives of the wealthy ruling class, especially the pharaoh and his family. They were also somewhat used for trading with other cultures such as the Nubians, Semites, and the Greeks.

What role did the pharaoh play? Where did the authority of the pharaohs come from? Answer:The pharaoh ruled as a divine king with absolute power. Much of his authority came from the divine lineage that he claimed: the Pharaoh functioned as an earthly incarnation of Egyptian deities. The notion of a pharaoh came from the 'inner Africa' of the south. It was believed that the gods of the Egyptian land controlled the crops and the seasons. As agricultural people, the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt depended on a good harvest for their existence and livelihoods. Pharaohs were initially religious leaders largely in charge of praying to the gods of the land for a good harvest and even claimed to be 'rain keepers'. Over time, these priests and religious figures slowly began to take the form of actual deities descended to Earth. Due to the favorable agricultural conditions provided by Nile, the pharaoh could legitimately enforce his authority. The regular delivery of good ha

Compare and contrast the political organization of Meroë and Ancient Egypt. What are some differences? Are there similarities? Answer:Meroe was not founded on the floodplain agricultural system that the Egyptians used. And because they were not confined to the narrow fields of the Nile valley the people were much more spread out across the area which made it more difficult to administer direct authority. Additionally, the taxation system used in Meroe was not as strict and predetermined like the Egyptians were. And even though both states had a king, the Meroitic king did not have an automatic line of succession and was subject to approval by the nobility and the priesthood, who could dispose of him if they wished.

Briefly describe the interactions and transactions between the Egyptian peasant and the government. How was the day-to-day business of the government carried out? What public goods did the government establish? Answer:Egyptian peasants interacted with the government at the bureaucratic level. Tax collectors would collect food surplus and often scribes would supervise the construction of buildings. They also came into contact with governors and priests. The day-to-day business of the government was delegated to local governors, tax collectors, scribes, priests, and others. They handled government business in the name of the Pharaoh. Some of the public goods provided by the government was extensive irrigation systems and temples (praying to the gods ensured a good life and harvest).

Why were Darwin's ideas controversial in 19th century Europe? Answer:Darwin's ideas were controversial because they directly opposed the creation story of the Bible. The church was very prominent in those times, and was outraged that he would even propose such a thing. Additionally, Europeans found it very difficult to believe that the human race could have come from Africa, simply because of their racialist notions about the Africans.

Why study Africa? What significant contributions does the study of Africa make to our knowledge of the world in which we live? Answer:There are many good reasons to study Africa. The authors of the article that we read in particular proposed that the study of Africa is important because it has shaped the academic disciplines such as anthropology and archeology enormously. Other reasons include: to increase multiculturalism and Afrocentricity, to promote peaceful international relationships, and to fully represent Africa in the modern universities.

What is the role of models in the design process? Answer: Provides a visual for all to see and helps them to see the viability of the idea How can we use technology to make the design and manufacture of a product more efficient and less prone to error? Answer: Allows us to investigate the properties digitally before it is built physically What is the purpose of a portfolio? How do you decide what information to include in a portfolio? Answer: The purpose of a portfolio is to effectively communicate the details of a project. Title page, working technical drawings and an "exploded" presentation page with a parts list (i.e., whatever is necessary to communicate all the details of a project)

Describe the difference between the meaning of the terms accuracy and precision in scientific measurement. Accuracy: The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to the actual (or accepted) value. Precision: The degree to which repeated measurements show the same result. How can statistical and analyzed data be used to inform, justify, and validate a design or process? Answer: Statistics are commonly used in manufacturing processes to control and maintain quality. A statistical analysis is used to determine measures of central tendency and variation of the data. What is dimensional analysis and how can it help solve problems involving quantities? Answer: Preforming a dimensional analysis on a part will assure that all needed dimensions to create the part have been included. This will insure the part is made correctly. Why do engineers generally adhere to a set of dimensioning standards and guidelines? Answer: In manufacturing, a part must be dimensioned fully a

How might we create the best possible solution to a problem? Answer: Engineers try to think "outside the box" in order to solve new problems or find ways to improve current solutions. What is the most effective way to generate potential solutions to a problem? How many alternate solutions should you generate? Answer: Brainstorming with a group, research and testing possible solutions What is an engineer? What types of work do engineers do? Answer: Engineering is the application of mathematics and scientific principles to better or improve life. An engineer is a person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Research, Develop, Design, Supervise, Manage, Production and Construction, Operations, Plant management, and Sales, Why keep an engineering notebook? Answer: An engineering notebook is recognized as a legal document that is used in patent activities to... a. Prove the origin of an idea that led to a sol

What is a metal? Answer: Most common element in the periodic table, and normally solid at room temperature. An example of an _________ is Steel. Answer: Alloy What type of structure does a metal have? Answer: Compact and crystalline atomic structure. What is melting point and which property is it involved in? Answer: The temperature at which an object changes to liquid form and it is involved with thermal properties. Metal is an _______________ material? Answer: Inorganic What are the four types of materials ? Answer: Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites List three types of ceramics Answer: Magnesium Oxide, Clay, and Cement Define Thermal Expansion Answer: Thermal Expansion is how an object can change size when caught on fire. What are nano sized cylinders of carbon ? A. Nanopipes B. Buckyballs C. Nanotubes D. Nanowires C. Nanotubes The light that is reflected (not absorbed) is what gives the object it's color. What is the question to this

What was the difference between the Karaites and the Rabbinites? Answer: The Karaites only believed in laws of the Torah, and the Rabbinites were people who interpreted the laws of the Torah, and helped make them easier.

Who were the Karaites? Answer: The Karaites were a group of Jews who only believed in following the laws of the Torah, and no other laws and exceptions. They didn't even celebrate Chanukah because it wasn't in the Torah!

What were some of the things Gaonim did? Answer: Gaonim were the heads of the schools and appointed the judges and leaders in the community to their positions. He did a lot of studying and answered questions that applied to all Jews.

Law of Conservation of Mass Mass is not created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction. (CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + H2O (Mass Reactants equal Mass Products)) Exceptions include Nuclear Reactions (E =mc^2). Law of Conservation of Energy Energy in the universe is conserved but changes form. Law of Multiple Proportions Two different elements can form more than one compound (NO, NO2, N2O2). Law of Definite Composition Using the atomic mass on the Periodic Table, the ratio of Mg to O is 24:16. No matter how much of the compound you have, the ratio will always be 24:16.

Law of Conservation of Mass Mass is not created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction. (CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + H2O (Mass Reactants equal Mass Products)) Exceptions include Nuclear Reactions (E =mc^2)

What percentage of Earth's water is freshwater ? Answer: 3% What percentage of Earth's water is salt water? Answer: 97% What is a river system? Answer: A river and its tributaries How are ponds and lakes similar? Answer: They are still, standing bodies of water. Why is so little of Earth's water available for human use? Answer: Only 3% of the Earth's water is freshwater. Of that 3% majority of it is ice. The remaining 97% is salt water. What is the biggest difference between ponds and lakes? Answer: The sunlight can reach the bottom of ponds allowing plants to grow on the bottom. The sunlight cannot reach the bottom of the lake. This means there are no plants and very few organisms. What are the steps of the water cycle? Precipitation,  Surface Runoff,  Evaporation,  Condensation Water that fills cracks and spaces in the ground is called Answer: groundwater In the process of photosynthesis , Plants use water and sunlight to

What are 2 methods of getting more fresh water? Answer: Two methods of getting fresh water are desolation, which is taking salt out of salt water and melting icebergs. Desolation is both expensive and takes up a lot of energy and melting icebergs is bad for the environment.

What are three ways to conserve water? Answer: Three ways to conserve water are reducing water use, recycling water, and reusing water.

What are different purposes water is used for? Answer: Water is used for household purposes, industry, transportation, agriculture and recreation.

How much water in on Earth is fresh and safe enough to drink? Answer: Only 3% of water on Earth is fresh water, but we can't even use most of it. Water deep underground, water in icebergs, and most water vapor in the atmosphere we can not use.

Why is the international marketer's task is more complicated than that of the domestic marketer? Answer: The international marketer must deal with at least two levels of uncontrollable uncertainty instead of one.

The department chain you work for has had numerous complaints about slow customer service. Your colleague, a sales manager, informs you that this happened at a previous store she worked for, and it was cleared up by hiring more sales representatives. Should you take her advice? Why not? What techniques can you use in evaluating the problem? Answer: The advice should not be taken, as it is a rush to judgment, which could mean that the wrong solution is used, wasting time and resources. You should ask the colleague to employ critical thinking. Critical thinking is sustained suspension of judgment with an awareness of multiple perspectives and alternatives. It involves at least four elements: • Maintaining doubt and suspending judgment • Being aware of different perspectives • Testing alternatives and letting experience guide • Being aware of organizational and personal limitations

What are the three dimensions to business problems? Give an example of each. Answer: The three dimensions to business problems are: (1) Organizational: This may include outdated business processes, unsupportive culture and attitudes, political conflict, turbulent business environment and change, complexity of task, inadequate resources. (2) Technology: This may include insufficient or aging hardware, outdated software, inadequate data management, insufficient telecommunications capacity, incompatibility of old systems with new technology, and rapid technological change. (3) People: This may include lack of employee training, difficulties in evaluation performance, legal and regulatory compliance, work environment, lack of employee support and participation, indecisive management, or poor management.

Describe the four steps taken in solving a business problem. Answer: The four steps are problem identification, solution design, choice of a solution, and implementation. In the problem identification step, relevant people in an organization must agree that a problem exists, about what the problem is and what its causes are, and what can be done about the problem given the organization's resources. In the solution design step, as many possible solutions should be determined. In the choice step, you choose the best solution from the list of options determined in the previous step. It is important to match a choice to existing resources, skills, and feasibility. In the last step, implementation, the solution is put in place. In information systems solutions, this may include purchasing hardware or software and testing it. Implementation also includes employee training, change management, and using a method to measure the outcome.

Define business process. What might be a business process used at a hospital? Answer: A business process is a set of logically related tasks and behaviors for accomplishing work. Hiring a new employee, customer intake, and filing medical records are examples of business processes at a hospital.

You are a marketing manager for a national movie theater chain. Give an example of data that your department could use for creating meaningful information. What type of information could that data produce? Answer: Movie ticket sales from individual theaters would be an example of raw data. Meaningful information from this would be: average number of tickets sold to seniors on certain days of the week.

What is the difference between information technology and information systems? Describe some of the functions of information systems.  Answer: Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware and software that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives. Information systems are more complex. An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. The functions of an information system are to support decision making, coordination, and control; help employees analyze problems; help employees visualize complex subjects; and help create new products.

What important managerial function is impaired by not having access to timely and accurate information? What is the effect of this lack of data?  Answer: The managerial function is decision-making. Without access to timely and accurate information business managers rely on forecasts, best guesses, and luck. The result is over- or underproduction of goods and services, misallocation of resources, and poor response times. These poor outcomes raise costs and lose customers.

You work for an auto manufacturer and distributor. How could you use information systems to achieve greater customer intimacy?  Answer: You could create a web site that allows customers to customize cars, communicate with support personnel and other car owners. You could create an automated e-mail service reminding car owners to take their car in for periodic check ups. You could have an information system that tracks customer preferences in local areas, so you can provide cars that reflect local customer needs and desires.

Define operational excellence. How can information systems help achieve it? Operational excellence is the achievement of higher levels of productivity and efficiency. Information systems can help achieve operational excellence by improving communications to supplier and optimizing the supply chain. Information systems could help managers communicate with workers more efficiently, enable technological innovation in products, minimize warehouse overhead, streamline distribution.

Describe at least three of the general information skills essential for all business careers. General information skills essential for all business careers include   (1) understanding how information systems and technologies can help firms achieve business objectives such as operational efficiency, developing new products and services, and maintaining customer intimacy.  Also essential is (2) an understanding the central role of databases in a modern firm as well as (3) developing skills in the analysis of information in order to help firms understand and make sense out of their environments.  (4) All business majors need to be able to work with specialists and system designers who build and implement information systems. This is necessary to ensure that the systems that are built actually service business purposes and provide the information and understanding required by managers and employees.  In addition, students need to (5) understand how information systems