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Why were kings in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries able to control the church more than the church could control the kings? How did the kings attack the church during this period?  Answer: The kings in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries where able to control the church more than the church could control the kings because the pope stopped threatening kings and emperors because of what Boniface did. Therefore, the state got more power. Monarchs took this time to attack the church. Monarchs attacked the church very hard. Legislation restricted the papal's right for jurisdiction. They also restricted taxes for the church. In addition, they restricted payments and petitions to Rome as well as the Pope's power to make high appointments for clergy.

What was the Avignon papacy, and why did it occur? How did it affect the papacy? What relationship did it have to the Great Schism? How did the church become divided and how was it reunited? Why was the conciliar movement a setback for the papacy?  Answer: The Avignon papacy was a papacy under strong French influence because most of the cardinals were French. This led to the papacy needing to prove themselves politically and economically. Therefore the papacy needed to pull off political schemes. They also had to sell the service of repenting. The relationship it had to the great Schism was that during that time the French cardinals wanted to go back to Avignon. Eventually two popes were elected. The second one being by French cardinals. Pope Clement VII was recognized by France and Pope Urban VI by England. There were two approaches of uniting the Church. One tried to win the mutual cession of both Popes. The other Pope tried to secure the resignation of the one in f...

How did the church change from 1220 to 1450? What was its response to the growing power of monarchs? How great an influence did the church have on secular events?  Answer: In 1220 monarchs fought with the papacy over whether or not rulers could choose what clergy they wanted in their offices. They papacy won this battle because German princes had defeated the emperor. As a result the papacy put themselves into European politics. This made them vulnerable to criticism. This criticism came from religious reformers and royal supporters. These people did not believe the way of political self-promotion was a good mission for the Church. At around 1450 the papacy worked in agreement with the emperor versus going against him. The church only had power when it came to church related things. For example: working together with the emperor to make a council.

Why did Pope Boniface VIII quarrel with King Philip the Fair? Why was Boniface so impotent in the conflict? How had political conditions changed since the reign of Pope Innocent III in the late twelfth century, and what did that mean for the papacy?  Answer: The Kings taxed the clergy and Boniface did not want them taxed. The king of England denied them the right to be heard in royal court and protection. So King Philip stopped sending them money. Boniface was powerless to stop it because he needed France's money so the papacy can operate. During the reign of Pope Innocent both kingdoms taxed the clergy but only with permission from the papacy. During Pope Boniface's reign both countries were on the brink of war, the papacy was weaker, and the pope tried to forbid taxation of the clergy without papacy approval and to revoke all previous pays. It meant very much to the papacy because it was a matter of whether or not they got paid.

What were the causes of the Black Death, and why did it spread so quickly throughout Western Europe? Where was it most virulent? How did it affect European society? How important do you think disease is in changing the course of history?  Answer: Overpopulation, economic depression, famine, and bad health weakened the population of Europe. This made them more vulnerable to the plague. It was carried by rats on trade roots. A victims sneezing and wheezing also spread it from person to person. It was most virulent in port areas. This had a bad effect on European society. The Black Death had many bad effects on European society. It caused people to be more pessimistic and think about death more. The labor supply shrunk and a caused a decline in the value of a noble's estate. The prices of food fell because there was less demand. Also, the price of manufactured goods and other luxuries rose. The plague caused people to take extreme measures for remedies. For example...

What were the underlying and precipitating causes of the Hundred Years' war? What advantages did each side have? Why were the French finally able to drive the English almost entirely out France?  Answer: The causes of the war where when King Edward, the English king, made a claim to the French throne. The French had no intentions of putting him on the throne. Instead they chose a first cousin of Charles IV, Philip VI of Valois. Another reason why the war started was because Edward was holding several substantial French territories as fiefs from the French King. To the French, when the English held any French land it was offensive because it endangered the royal policy of centralization. Both countries also fought over control of Flanders. Although Flanders was a French land, it was subject to political influence because its industry of cloth depended on supplies of imported English wool. Also a long history of prejudice and hostility between the people of each country...