NaimExplain

What disease may be included by prolonged administration or large doses of corticosteroids? Answer: Cushing's syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol from the adrenal gland.

What are the possible causes of precocious puberty in boys and girls? Answer: Causes include tumors of the testes/ovaries, hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction or tumors, and ingestion of hormones or sex steroids.

Name the important prognostic factors for thyroid malignancy. Answer: Prognostic factors for thyroid malignancy include the age at diagnosis, the size of the primary tumor, and metastases.

How are hypoglycemic syndromes classified? Answer: Hypoglycemic syndromes are classified as drug induced and non drug induced. The patient is hungry, trembling, anxious, irritable, and confused.

Distinguish between diabetic coma and insulin shock. Answer: Diabetic coma is induced by high blood sugar as a result of too much food and too little insulin. Insulin shock occurs when the level of your blood sugar drops quickly and leads to unconsciousness.

Compare the cause and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Answer: Type 1 DM results from no insulin secreted by the patient and has an early onset. Treatment involves insulin injections in correlation with a calculated diet. Type 2 DM results from an adult onset of decreased output of insulin by the pancreas. Treatment involves restricted caloric intake, exercise, and perhaps an oral hypoglycemic drug.

What are the possible causes and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Answer: Type 1 DM results from no insulin secreted by the patient and has an early onset. Treatment involves insulin injections in correlation with a calculated diet. Type 2 DM results from an adult onset of decreased output of insulin by the pancreas. Treatment involves restricted caloric intake, exercise, and perhaps an oral hypoglycemic drug.

Explain the relationship of hyperparathyroidism to hypocalcemia. Answer: Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to overactivity of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands. When the parathyroid hormone level is insufficient, circulating levels of calcium are reduced resulting in hypocalcemia, which may result in symptoms related to a hyperexcitable nervous system.

Describe the signs and symptoms of Graves' disease. Answer: Symptoms include rapid heartbeat, insomnia, and weight loss.

Which hypothyroid condition (or chronic thyroiditis) is thought to be caused by autoimmune factors? Answer: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and antibody-mediated immune processes.

What causes the thyroid gland to enlarge in the patient with a simple goiter? Answer: It can occur when the thyroid gland is not able to make enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs. This can be due to a lack of iodine in a person's diet.

What causes diabetes insipidus? Answer: A deficiency in the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary resulting in excessive urine excretion and thirst .

What pathologic changes may result from hypopituitarism? Why is age of the individual significant? Answer: Hypopituitarism produces growth retardation in children (dwarfism) and other complex changes because the anterior pituitary gland secrets several major hormones, including those that affect metabolism, growth, and development. Bone age in children with pituitary dwarfism is usually 2 or more years delayed than the actual chronological age.

Describe two conditions that are the result of increased production and secretion of pituitary human growth hormone (hGH). Answer: Gigantism is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average. Acromegaly results in overgrowth of the bones of the face, hands, and feet with excessive growth of soft tissue.

What are some ways in which the endocrine system affects health and disease. Answer: Endocrine diseases result from abnormally decreased or increased secretion of hormones, which result in growth abnormalities, emotional disturbances, and muscle atrophy.

Name the major glands of the endocrine system. Answer: Pituitary,  Thyroid,  Parathyroid,  Adrenal,  Pancreas,  Ovaries/Testes,  Pineal,  Thymus