NaimExplain

Discuss the treatment and prognosis for patients with polymyositis. Answer:Control of inflammation is attempted with high doses of steroids; immunosuppressive agents are used to quiet the overactive immune system. Exercise therapy may rebuild muscle strength and prevent muscle atrophy. Remissions and exacerbation are possible.

Explain the cause of the typical forward flexion of the spine in the patient with advanced ankylosing spondylitis. Answer:Ankylosing spondylitis is the chronic inflammation and ossification of the joints leading to decreased range of motion and spinal bone fusion. Sacroiliac spine area is usually affected first and results in recurring low back pain and morning stiffness.

Compare the pathology of multiple sclerosis to that of myasthenia gravis. Answer: • Multiple sclerosis is the inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, hearing loss, and weak limbs. • Myasthenia gravis is a chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder. Signs and symptoms include speech difficulty, drooping eyelids, and diplopia.

Specify the primary objectives of the treatment of RA. Answer:RA treatment aimed at reducing inflammation and pain, preserving joint function, and preventing joint deformities.

Detail the pathology of RA. Answer:Chronic inflammation and edema of the synovial membranes surrounding joints. May produce weight loss, fever, and malaise.

Describe the systemic features of SLE. Recall the diagnosis criteria. Answer:SLE features include discoid skin lesion, photosensitivity, and butterfly face rash. Diagnostic include CBC, ESR and anti-DNA test.

Describe the symptoms and signs of pernicious anemia. Name the primary treatment. Answer:Pernicious anemia signs and symptoms include tinnitus, weight loss, decreased red blood cell, and decreased hemoglobin levels.

Explain the destructive mechanisms in autoimmune diseases. Answer:The immune system misidentifies body cells and develops antibodies against its own cells and tissues, which can occur in many body systems.

Describe the primary absent or inadequate response of the immune system in the following diseases. Answer: • Common variable immunodeficiency - acquired B cell deficiency. • Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency - inadequate production of IgA. • Severe combined immunodeficiency disease - ineffective development and function of both T cells and B cells.

List the guidelines for universal precautions and infection control. Answer: • Frequent hand washing • Wear gloves, goggles, and mask • proper disposal of biohazard containers • Use clean mouthpieces.

Describe the invasion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into the T helper cells. Answer:HIV invades and infects helper T lymphocytes (T cells) and replicates itself therein, destroying the lymphocyte and then invading another. Gradually over time the T-cell count declines, compromising the body defenses against tumors, viruses, and parasites.

Explain complement fixation and its importance in the immune system. Answer:Activation of normally inactive proteins found in plasma or body fluids. Pathogens are destroyed by lysis of the cell membrane or by phagocytosis.

List the five immunoglobulins. Answer: • igG - they very important in fighting bacterial and viral infections. • igA - they protect body surfaces that are exposed to outside foreign substances. • IgM - they cause other immune system cells to destroy foreign substances. • IgD - their function is not clear. • igE - they cause the body to react against foreign substances such as pollen, fungus spores, and animal dander.

Explain how T cells and B cells specifically protect the body against disease. Answer:When your body is infected with a particular germ, only the T- and B-cells that recognize it will respond. These selected cells then quickly multiply, creating an army of identical cells to fight the infection. Special types of T- and B-cells 'remember' the invader, making you immune to a second attack.

Trace the formation of T cells and B cells from stem cells. Answer:Pro-B Pre-B B cell Plasma cell

Explain the difference between active and passive immunity and give examples of each. Answer: Active immunity results when a person has had previous exposure to a disease or pathogen. Passive immunity bypasses the body's immune response to afford the benefit of immediate antibody availability. • Active natural - contract disease and produce memory cells. • Active artificial - receive a vaccination and produce memory cells. • Passive natural - receive maternal antibodies through placenta or breast milk. • Passive artificial - receive antiserum with antibodies from another host.

List examples of inappropriate responses of the immune system. Answer: • Autoimmune (e.g. SLE): misdirected response • Hyperactive (allergic): excessive response • Immunodeficient (e.g. AIDS): inadequate response

Describe the three major functions of the immune system. Answer: • Battle infection. • Maintains homeostasis by eliminating damaged cells. • Protects the body against foreign organisms.

Name the functional components of the immune system. Answer: Antibodies, Lymphocytes, Lymphoid tissue, Macrophages