NaimExplain

What are rationalism and empiricism? originated from epistemology (study of origin, nature, and limits of knowledge) - empiricism: primary source of knowledge through experience - rationalism: knowledge already in us, released through the power of reasoning

What are determinism and indeterminism? - indeterminism: a theory that humans have free-will, they can make judgements independent of the influences around them - determinism: a theory that humans have no free-will, individuals make judgements strictly in response to influences beyond the individual

What constitutes "science"? paradigms determine research problems and how they are solved, guiding researchers' activities assumption of determinism empirical observation theory formulation, testing, and revision prediction and control lawful relationships - people are still questioning psychology's stance as a scientific discipline, even Galileo and Kant believed psychology cannot be a science due to its study of subjective experience - however, psychology has grown to be accepted in the scientific community

For what is Rudolph Goclenius known? Rudolph Goclenius is credited with inventing the term "Psychology"

According to Schultz and Schultz, why is it important to study the history of psychology? History has much to tell us about the world today, and early developments in psychology help us understand the nature of the field in the 21st century Study of the past is relevant for the present History of the disciplines within psychology are important and vital for students' development Studying history of psychology is the most systematic way to integrate the areas and issues of modern psychology

Who is Thomas Kuhn? For what is he known? He is a historian of science who wrote the book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions He is known for advancing the notion of paradigms in scientific evolution Says that paradigms get replaced during a revolutionary phase as anomalies increase

What is preparadigmatic? the stage in the development of science when it is still divided into schools of thought - many see psychology with several paradigms at the same time. others see natural selection where some ideas survive and others do not - may imply the use of prescriptions that act to prescribe, direct, or dictate with an additional overtone of implying long usage hallowed by custom, or extending over time

What is a school of thought? refers to a group of psychologists who become associated ideologically, and sometimes geographically, with the leader of the movement - members share a theoretical or systematic orientation and investigate similar problems - more than one can occur simultaneously - usually led by charismatic leader (e.g. Wilhelm Wundt) - cyclical nature: mind-body & nature-nurture early schools of thought were protest movements against a prevailing systematic position, criticizing the older system

What is naturalistic theory? the view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the Zeitgeist, which makes culture receptive to some ideas but not to others - an example are simultaneous discovers, such as Darwin's evolutionary theory was been done around the same time another scientist was developing the idea - another example is how established theories can make it difficult for scientists to disprove them - zeitgeist can inhibit a discipline's focus, as such was shown in psychology where consciousness was ruled out since it was subjective, only later to be studied - science exists in the context of an environment, for example, method of psychology moved in the direction of the zeitgeist that favored observational, experimental and scientific approach to the truth

What is personalistic theory? the view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals - the person makes the times however, not sufficient enough to explain the development of a science or society - the contributions of people were usually ignored or supressed during their lifetimes, and not recognized until later on

What role did prejudice play in the history of psychology? influenced basic issues such as who could become a psychologist and where he or she could find employment 1. discrimination against women - women denied admission or excluded from faculty positions - low salaries and no promotion/tenure - Eleanor Gibson was told that the director of the primate lab at Yale would not permit women and that she wasn't allowed to use the graduate student's library or cafeteria - now more female psychologists are in the field - APA division of feminism 2. discrimination based on ethnic origin - jews faced admission discrimination. many schools had a maximum amount of available positions for jews - this happened for blacks as well - many psychologists faced discrimination after being accepted, such as lack of job opportunities - Francis Sumner experienced segregation in school - Abraham Maslow was urged to change his name into something less Jewish - more efforts now for diversity - APA divis...

What is Zeitgeist? Why is it important in studying history? What are examples of it? the intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times (naturalistic conception) these contextual forces influenced psychology's past and continue to shape its present and future examples: 1. jobs: - psychologists had opportunities to apply their skills. psychologists early one had small financial contributions at universities because they were the newest science. 2. wars - world war 2 altered the face and fate of European psychology, as many researchers fled the Nazi's and settled in the United States. wars also have personal impact on theories, such as Freud idea of aggression after witnessing world war 1 3. prejudice and discrimination

What does the German word Einfall really mean? Einfall does not mean association. It literally means an intrusion or an invasion Freud idea was to denote something from the unconscious mind that is uncontrollably intruding into or invading conscious thought

What is the correct translation from German to English for Es, Ich, and Uber-Ich? Es = "it" Ich = "I" Uber-Ich = "above-I" Freud wanted to describe something intimate and personal with his use of Ich and to distinguish it from Es

What are four examples where materials/data were consciously destroyed or omitted (hint: Watson, Freud, Jung, Kohler)? Watson - At the age of 80, he systematically burned his letters, manuscripts, and research notes, destroying everything unpublished Freud - made his biographer omit/minimize his use of cocaine - he depicted himself has a martyr to his psychoanalytical cause Jung - letters were selected and edited in such a way as to present a favorable impression of Jung, leaving out unflattering material Kohler - a scholar who catalogues his papers was too much of an admirer, and he restricted selected information to enhance Kohler's image What are instances of materials/data that surfaced much later than the actual events (hint: Hooke, Ebbinghaus, Fechner, Darwin, Sabina Spielrein)? Hooke - official papers from the Royal Society meetings recorded by Hooke in 1661 to 1682 were found in 2006 Ebbinghaus - papers of Ebbinghaus were found 75 years after his death Fechner - 10 boxes th...

From what sources do historians get their data? descriptions written by participants or witnesses, letters and diaries, photographs and pieces of old lab equipment, interviews, and other official accounts

How is the data of history different from the data of psychology? The data of history is different than data of science - cannot be reconstructed or replicated - data fragments are used to try to recreate the events and experiences of the past - data can be lost or stolen, but possibly found later - data can be hidden deliberately or altered - data can be influenced by contextual forces or "zeitgeist" - data can be impacted by gender and ethnic prejudices - data could not be translated properly

What is historiography? The principles, methods, and philosophical issues of historical research

How do we distinguish modern psychology from its roots (its prior centuries of intellectual forerunners)? What is the main difference? Modern psychology is distinguished from philosophy due to its methods, uses techniques of physical sciences, and increased precision and objectivity The main difference between psychology and philosophy is psychology's use of the scientific method. Philosophy answered the same questions but merely through speculation and thought philosophy + physiology = psychology

What binds together the diverse areas of psychology and what does this bring to psychology today? The only framework that binds the diverse areas of psychology is their history, the evolution over time of psychology as an independent discipline Knowledge of history brings order to disorder and imposes meaning on what may appear to be chaos, putting the past into perspective to explain the present Valuable ideas are gleaned from past efforts, and allows the current field to grow even more