NaimExplain

Explain the primary water cycle in the human body. The water comes from the blood. The heart receives the blood through the atrium and the ventricles in the heart pumps the blood. The blood comes in through the veins and goes out through the arteries. The capillaries move the blood to and from everywhere. The systemic capillary leak water throughout. All the water comes from the blood but more specifically from the systemic capillary. The water that comes from the blood returns to the blood in this continuos cycle.

Name and explain the 2 laws that govern the vast majority of all passive physiological processes. The law of diffusion moves gases, liquids, and substances dissolved in liquids from a high to low concentration without required energy. This only works extremely well at 100 micrometers or less and can not diffuse solids. It is the law of the universe. The law of electrical charges. Cells maintain a net-negative charge within and a positive electrical outside. The cell moves sodium in the cell without using energy.

Define the terms endocytosis and exocytosis and using them, list and explain the examples we discussed for each. exocytosis is a process moving out of the cell. example: golgi apparatis -> vesicles -> secretion. endocytosis is a process within the cell. example: pinocytosis and phagocytosis 

Explain the electrical polarity of a cell. Cells maintain a net-negative charge within that attract positive and negative potassium. The cells move 3Na+ out and moves 2K+ in.

List and describe the 3 types of cell junctions. adhesion - intercellular flow of water and small substances. gap - channel proteins that allow intracellular flow of water ions. tight - to stop flow.

Completely define the terms solute and colloid. A solute is the minor component of a solution that is dissolved in the solvent. A colloid are the particles that distribute through a solution.

List and describe the 3 components of the cytoskeleton. microfilaments - built of protein actin and are close to the intracellular surface. intermediate filaments - proteins that are larger than microfilaments and are often used in the construction within the cell. microtubules - these proteins are built of tubulin and are the primary source that allows for the movement of cilia, flagella, and membrane bound organelles.

Explain the metabolic and non-metabolic body with examples. The non-metabolic body is a space that does not maintain homeostasis. An example of this is the lumen in the respiratory track. The metabolic body is deep to the epithelium and maintains homeostasis.

Discuss the changes in urinary output and possible causes of polyuria. Changes in the volume of urine produced by a person with average fluid intake indicate problems with kidneys or with control of renal function. Polyuria is the production of excessive amounts of urine resulting from hormonal or metabolic problems (diabetes or glomerulonephritis)

Can the water permeability of the PCT or DCT ever change? The permeability of the PCT cannot change, and water reabsorption occurs whenever the osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid exceeds that of the tubular fluid. However, The permeability of the DCT to water increases in response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Describe the structures of the collecting system. The main structures are the collecting duct and papillary duct. The collecting system is a series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron. The collecting duct, composed of intercalated cells and principle cells, carries tubular fluid through the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. The papillary duct collects tubular fluid from multiple collecting ducts and delivers it to a minor calyx

Describe the functions of the urinary system. Removing wastes generated by body cells, adjusting blood volume and pressure, regulating blood plasma concentrations of ions, stabilizing blood PH, conserving nutrients by preventing their loss in urine, and removing drugs and toxins from the blood stream

List each organ of the urinary system and concisely describe its function. Kidneys-produce urine Ureters- receive urine from kidneys and conduct it to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder- receives and stores urine prior to elimination Urethra- passageway conducting urine from urinary bladder to the exterior

Why is digestion important? Because cells throughout the body rely on the organic molecules from the food we eat to produce energy and to replenish the intracellular nutrient pool

What does the liver do with the chylomicrons it receives? The liver absorbs the chylomicrons, removes their triglycerides, combines the cholesterol from the chylomicron with recycled cholesterol, and alters the surface proteins. Newly synthesized complexes are released into the bloodstream as low density lipoproteins (LDLs) or very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? What substances enter the cycle, and what substances leave it? It is called a cycle because it is a reaction sequence. Organic molecules are broken down, carbon dioxide molecules are released and hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymes that deliver them to the electron transport chain

Describe the role of CCK release and its effects on proteins. The arrival of acidic chime in the duodenum triggers the release of CCK, which stimulates the production and release of inactive pancreatic proenzymes. Enteropeptidase, released from duodenum, converts the pancreatic proenzyme trypsinogen into the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. Trypsin then converts other proenzymes to yield chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and elastase. Each of the enzymes attacks peptide bonds that link to specific amino acids while ignoring others. As a result, they break down proteins into a mixture of dipeptides, tripeptides, and amino acids.

List the ways that antigen-antibody complexes can destroy target antigens. · Seven processes: neutralization, prevention of pathogen adhesion, activation of complement, opsonization, attraction of phagocytes, stimulation of inflammation, and precipitation and agglutination

Describe antigen presentation. Occurs when an antigen-glycoprotein, or antigen-MHC protein, combination capable of activating T cells appears in a plasma membrane. T cells sensitive to this antigen are activated if they contact the antigen on the plasma membrane of the antigen-presenting cell.

If NK cells are engaged in immune surveillance, how do cancer cells spread? Cancer cells can mutate that they do not display tumor-specific antigens, or they secrete chemicals that destroy NK cells (immunological escaping: ability to escape detection)