NaimExplain

What exactly does a PET scan measure? Metabolic activity (FDG) Detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer) which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule [fludeoxyglucose (FDG)] The concentrations of tracer imaged will indicate tissue metabolic activity by virtue of the regional glucose uptake. Can be positive in 1. Cancer 2. Inflammation 3. Mosquito bite

Big Bertha wants a permanent tattoo on her buttocks. How can this be done so it never wears off? Answer: By making sure the needle goes all the way down to the dermis. The dermis is below the epidermis. The epidermis is constantly getting sloughed off and replaced by new skin. A tattoo on the epidermis would only take about 30 days before it was completely wiped off. The dermis is protected from this sloughing off, and would trap the tattoo pigment, making it permanent.

The police find a strand of hair at the crime scene. They determine that the hair belonged to a person that used anti-depressants regularly. How could they do this? Answer: Drugs enter the circulatory system and are carried all over the body. Some of this blood travels up to the hair follicles. The blood in the hair follicle can actually grow into developing hair, carrying traces of the drugs in the system with it.

Bocephus is a nurse. He is being trained on how to conduct an intake session. What could he tell about a person's health by observing the integument? Answer: If a person has blue lips or fingers (cyanosis), he knows there is some internal problem. If the nurse notices yellowing skin (jaundice), he knows there is some issue with the liver filtering out bile. If he notices inflammation of the papillary layer (dermatitis), he know it could be an infection from a bug bite or injury. Could spot bruises or hematomas to locate spots of injury. Vitiligo- could tell if a person's melanocytes are being attacked.

Mary Lou lost 20 pounds in three weeks using a "quick weight loss program". She came off the program and within a week had regained 10 pounds. Explain this. Answer: You cannot lose adipocytes. You lose weight when they shrink, but they are always present. Mary Lou ate healthy and the adipocytes shrank. She came off the diet, and the adipocytes swelled up to a very large size, causing her to rapidly gain weight. The adipocytes were used to healthy food, and as soon as she came off of it, her cells couldn't handle it and swelled up again.

Jethro is not feeling well. Constant fatigue and a low grade fever are his symptoms. He goes to Dr. Doolittle and he immediately orders his blood to be drawn. Why? Answer: Blood is made up of a number of cells. He is looking for signs of infection. Dr. Doolittle is looking for antigens and foreign particles in the circulatory system that could be causing the infection. He could also be looking at the number of leukocytes, for if there is too few, fighting infection is a problem.

Bernice gives birth to her son 6 weeks early. They immediately put him in an incubator. Why? Answer: 6 weeks premature means that the baby's connective tissue is not well developed. There is no subcutaneous fat. Baby is put in heated incubator to help him maintain his body temperature. Without the subcutaneous fat, it is hard to regulate and maintain body temperature. They may also have humidity inside the temperature as an additional source of heat as well as a preventative measure to decrease water losses and skin breakdown.

Geronimo weighs 350 pounds. He has decided to have liposuction. The doctor has to explain the dangers of this procedure. What could Geronimo expect to hear? Answer: After the procedure, the danger of gaining even more weight is possible. The adipocytes in the adipose tissue never go away. Once Geronimo is skinny, he will think it's safe to eat whatever he wants. This can cause the adipocytes to rapidly swell, causing rapid weight gain and health problems. Liposuction of the abdomen can result in the loss of a layer of protection and shock absorption, which can lead to the damage of vital organs. Most importantly, when cutting the fat out, surgeons could hit or puncture an organ, causing a great deal of damage, or hit a major artery, causing Geronimo to bleed out.

June Bell is in nursing school. Today's lecture is on the importance of the intake session. This is where the nurse sees the patient, takes vital statistics, and asks what is wrong, if anything. Now in the session what type(s) of anatomy would June Bell use and why. What could this session tell June Bell? Answer: June Bell is studying gross anatomy, which can be seen on the outside. Specifically, it is surface gross anatomy that June would need to look at things on the outside, such the appearance of her hair, if her skin is clammy or waxen, the dilation of her eyes. If her eyes are bloodshot, she could be on drugs. If her hair is thinning, she might have cancer. If she is limping, her hip might be injured. If her lips and fingers are blue (cyanosis), there is some internal problem. If she is flushed and has pink cheeks, she could have a fever.

Mary Beth is soon to deliver her child. Her contractions are 45 seconds apart. What feedback system is in effect in her body and why? Answer: She is experiencing positive feedback because the body is increasing its reactions (the contractions).

Flo Bell has been in a wreck. The doctor tells her she has lacerations (cuts) on several parts of her body. He describes them as below. She does not understand what part(s) of her body are affected. She comes to you, a first year medical student, for explanations. How would you answer her? Answer: a) Chin b) Upper arm c) Foot d) heel e) Inside of elbow f) Shoulder

Jericho wants to know why simple squamous epithelium is not found in the mouth like it is found lining the alveoli of the lungs. Answer: Simple squamous epithelial is found lining the lungs and not in the mouth because it is very thin and fragile, unlike the thick, tougher tissue that is needed for the inside of the mouth.

You want to be a pharmacist. You are required to take several histology classes. One of this is on epithelial tissue. What is the relationship between this tissue and administering drugs to help cure someone? Answer: Epithelial tissue is made of different shapes of cells, and different layers of tissue. It is important to understand epithelial tissue so you can know how much medication to put into body, how to get it inside, etc. For example, if you understand histology, you know that a lot of epithelial tissue is made up of several, tough layers. If you inject medicine, you would need to know where the layers are thinnest, or amount of pressure to apply to the syringe. You also know that epithelial tissue is made up of lots of tightly interwoven cells, so you would need to supply enough fluid medicine to move across/through gap junctions. You can get medicine transdermally, so you need to know to apply a lot in areas of stratified tissue. Number of layers directly influences how

What is victim blaming? Answer: The victim is held partially responsible for the wrongful conduct committed against them. What are some of the theories pertaining to victim blaming? Just World - we believe good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people, to believe that we have control of our outcomes. Reconcile Middle Class  - Connection between poverty and crime, non victims believe in work hard to have good things happen. Errors of Reasoning found in Victim Blaming : Tautological - Go around in circle, circular logic, going into a dark street and never have an accident then one time you do have a accident that street is not affiliated with victimizing. Hindsight Bias  - You knew you should have, Once you know the answer its easy, look at victim and see where everything went wrong. Victim Responsibility  - Victim can have control of outcome. Allows for victim Prevention - Looks at victims action and figure out where they went wrong, stems from

What are the future needs for Victimology as a field? • Pillar 1: Basic Research • Pillar 2: Program Evaluation • Pillar 3: Evidence Based Practices 1. Conduct continuous rather than episodic strategic planning in the victim assistance field to effect real change in research, policy, programming, and capacity building. 2. Support the development of research to build a body of evidence-based knowledge and generate, collect, and analyze quantitative and qualitative data on victimization, emerging victimization trends, services and behaviors, and enforcement efforts. 3. Ensure the statutory, policy, and programmatic flexibility to address enduring and emerging crime victim issues. 4. Build and institutionalize capacity through an infusion of technology, training, and innovation to ensure that the field is equipped to meet the demands of the 21st century.

What are the benefits and costs to putting the name of rape victims in news articles? • Putting the victim's name in a news article makes the story more creditable. • Putting their name in a article makes them more at harm because of vulnerability, easy target, revenge.

What are some ethical considerations for media? Answer: Media will use victim's initials instead of their full name to protect them.

How has media changed? How has that affected victims' interactions with the media? • Rape shield Law- against the publication info restricted leased information. • Police department have the responsibility to protect the victim. • The media has the right of freedom of speech and can report any information that is obtained legally.

What restrictions are placed on the media in regards to crime victims? Answer: They have to obtain their information legally.

What concerns are there with the media interacting with crime victims? Media wants to release the names of the victims to make the story more creditable.

How is cyber-stalking different than cyber-harassment? • Cyber-stalking : is the use of the Internet, email or other electronic communications to stalk, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious behaviors. Cyber-stalking may be considered the most dangerous of the three types of Internet harassment, based on a posing credible threat of harm. Sanctions range from misdemeanors to felonies. • Cyber-harassment : differs from cyber-stalking in that it may generally be defined as not involving a credible threat. Cyber-harassment usually pertains to threatening or harassing email messages, instant messages, or to blog entries or websites dedicated solely to tormenting an individual. Some states approach cyber-harassment by including language addressing electronic communications in general harassment statutes, while others have created stand-alone cyber-harassment statutes.

What is cyber-stalking? • A person repeatedly harassed or threatened by an individual using an electronic device, most often the internet but not always. • The basic common "man" test is used- meaning that the behavior which categorized as cyber stalking would elicit fear and concern for safety in the average person but it is not cyber-stalking if the behavior is viewed as annoying or troublesome but not threatening, it would not be cyber-stalking. Is it dangerous? • Cyberstalking can lead to physical stalking. • Causes harm to victim that is as distressing as the psychological and social harm caused by traditional stalking.

What is the Clery Act and what does it require? Answer: Federal Law that requires colleges and universities across the United States to disclose information about crime on and around their campuses. Law is tied to an institution's participation in federal student financial aid programs and it applies to most institutions of higher education both public and private. Clery Act is enforced by the United States Department of Education

What are some typical crimes on university campuses? • Assault • Rape • Robbery • Murder

What types of cases go to civil court? • Torts: Injuries that does not involve a contract. • Contracts: Violation of an agreement. • Property: Disputes relating to inheritance and probate. • Family: Issues regarding marriage, children, and divorce. • Civil Rights: Injury to another in violation of certain statutory rights.

What is the burden of proof in criminal cases? In civil cases? • Possible amount of proof: 100% • Beyond a Reasonable Doubt: High 90-95% • Presumption of innocence in a case pertains to Criminal Law • Preponderance of the Evidence: 51%

What are the basic components and procedures in civil cases? -Jurisdiction -Filing a complaint -Pretrial Activities (Motions, Discovery, Settlement Conferences) -Trial -Verdict -Judgment

What is civil crime? • The person who received wrong is in control bringing forth charges. • No one is sentenced to criminal sanctions like prison. • Goal is to the defendant accountable to the victim. • Victim initiates and control case. • Victims has a role in the direction of the case. • Victim must prove that it is more likely than not that the perpetrator is liable. • Makes no presumption, he victim and perpetrator appear as equal. • Sentencing is compensation for both economical and non-economical costs. • Victim can sue perpetrator regardless of when the perpetrator was found guilty in criminal court. How does it differ from criminal law? • The prosecutor (The State) is in control of bringing forth charges. • Sentences in harsher and can end with death. • Hold the defendant accountable to the State. • The victim is only a witness and has no rights to direct the prosecution of the case. • The State must prove that the perpetrator is guilty "beyond a reas

What is the harm from non-violent crime? Answer: Lose of trust and vulnerability.