NaimExplain

What is C. Wilson's (2015) theory of "metaraciam"? Why is it considered particularly useful to capture the paradoxical nature of U.S. racial politics after 1980? Answer: Metaracism is the paradoxical combination of progress and regression in terms of conflict between an egalitarian coalition and progressive political culture versus a conservative coalition and a reactionary political culture energized by a new form of racism. In metaracism, individuals in society aren't racists, but metaracists because they sit idly by in a system that continues the work of racism. Metaracism works to explain the immense progress made by blacks while they are still facing intense racial discrimination. Despite the idea that there are no longer racist people in the United States, or that the election of Obama brought us into a post racial society, there is evidence to show that racism is integrated into American culture and institutions. Metaracism can be used to describe the si

According to Hero (1992), how are the three major theories of government compared in their ability to help explain the relative position of racial and ethnic groups in US politics? Do you agree that the theory of two-tiered pluralism is better than the other two in explaining the Latino (and other nonwhite) position in the post-1965 era? Answer: Pluralism : if citizens participate, electoral and policy outcomes will result that are favored by participants pluralism sees racial minority groups as just another interest group that needs to bargain and compromise to see change  if a group cannot enter the political arena, there are other channels through which that group can enter (according to pluralism) Coalitional Bias : modification of elite theory which states that only the top tier of people get the get opportunity socioeconomic inequality puts people in a more or less advantageous place to affect policy  links issues of class with racial issues  relationship between class a

What are the major propositions in the theory of pluralism? What are the major criticisms of pluralism as a theory in understanding the politics and participation of minority groups in the governing of America? Answer: Pluralism is the idea that if citizens participate, electoral and policy outcomes will result that are favored by participants. It also argues that resources will even themselves out aka, if one group has money the other with have numbers and no group will have it all. And that racial groups will not form because coalition groups will form around causes not racial identity. This theory doesn't acknowledge that racial minorities are often not able to participate in the political process; pluralism assumes equal access to the political process. Pluralism also suggests that different groups will win depending on the issue, and the flux between majority and minority groups. It also suggest multiple access points to government which is not always true.

What is the founding political philosophy in America and how does it contribute to the under-privileged status of African (and other minority) Americans, according to Barker and Jones (1994)? Answer: The founding political philosophy in America is Liberalism. Liberalism touts the importance of the individual, deregulating the market, democracy, etc. The effect of these ideals has been unregulated predatory business practices, large scale unemployment, unprotected workers, and racial segregation. Liberalism values equality, but inequality and economic immobility are both realities of the United States. Income inequality is a huge issue, where a small segment of the population holds a disproportionate amount of the wealth of the country. Beyond this, it is seen that economic deprivation is a necessity for economic growth in the theory of Liberalism (the idea that those who are disadvantaged are such because they did not work hard enough, not because there is something wrong with th

What are some of the competing theories or conceptual frameworks discussed in the readings that aim to explain racial and economic inequality in the United States? Answer: Moral Dilemma Framework : US racial ethnic relations as contradiction to a democratic creed racial conflict would disappear when whites' attitudes changed, suggesting persuasion not confrontation. Power Relations Framework Race relations as power contests between dominant whites and subordinate minorities change will occur when minorities' resources are enhanced. Two-Tiered Pluralist Framework  Formal legal equality on one hand/ actual practice undercuts equality for minority groups change: pluralist doesn't work because there is only marginal inclusion. Modernization/ Developmental Framework Racial/ethnic relations corresponding to specific levels of socioeconomic development. Black Utility Heuristic Concept of linked fate - use social standing of the group as proxy for well-b

Explain 'packetization' as it applies to internet, ethernet, and other packet networks. What are the 'checksums', and how do networks insure error-free delivery of packets? Packetization describes the way ethernet and internet prepare data to move to another MAC or IP address. Data is bundled into packets according to a specific protocol. Ethernet packets and internet packets fit together like hand and glove, so well that we percieve a 'stream' of data (with occasional glitches) as a voice or video stream. Neither Ether- nor Inter-nets carry streams of data like dedicated telephone or data circuits do. They dice the stream up to fit into 'packets'; calculate a 'checksum' that describes each packet's 'load'; add the checksum to the packet with other important stuff like destination and source address; dispatch the packet to the destination over the network(s). The network OS at the destination receives the packet, calculates th