What (non-standard) type of experimenter bias can occur in all observational studies? What are the standard ways to fight this (new) type of threat?

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What (non-standard) type of experimenter bias can occur in all observational studies? What are the standard ways to fight this (new) type of threat?


Answer: "observer bias" - when the beliefs and/or expectancies of the observer end up influencing what data the observer records. (Note: this is different from standard experimenter bias, because standard experimenter bias works by changing the behavior of the subjects. In this case, the subjects' behavior doesn't change; rather, what changes is what is being recorded.)

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