NaimExplain

Melanin and carotene are two pigments that contribute to skin color. What is the third and where is it found? The third pigment contributing to skin color is hemoglobin, the pigment contained in red blood cells found in blood vessels of the dermis.

You have just gotten a paper cut. It is very painful, but it doesn't bleed. Has the cut penetrated into the dermis or just the epidermis? Because there is no bleeding, the cut has penetrated into the avascular epidermis only.

Which tissue of the hypodermis makes it a good shock absorber? Fatty tissue in the hypodermis gives it insulating and shock-absorbing properties.

Which layer of the dermis responsible for producing fingerprint patterns? The papillary layer of the dermis gives rise to fingerprint patterns.

Why are the desmosomes connecting the keratinocytes so important? The skin is subjected to a lot of abrasion and physical trauma. The desmosomes, which are connecting junctions, help to hold the cells together during such stress.

The stratum basale is also called the stratum germinativum, a name that refers to its major function. What is that function? The stratum basale undergoes almost continuous mitosis to replace cells lost by abrasion.

While walking barefoot in a barn, Jeremy stepped on a rusty nail that penetrated the epidermis on the sole of his foot. Name the layers the nail pierced from the superficial skin surface to the junction with the dermis. Answer: Since the sole of the foot has thick skin, the layers from most superficial to deepest would be the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

Which layer of the skin--dermis or epidermis--is better nourished? Answer: The dermis is connective tissue, which is vascular, so its cells would be better nourished than those of the epidermis, which is avascular epithelium.

What are the primary germ layers during embryonic development and what do they ultimately produce? Answer: The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside. The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue. The endoderm produces all internal organs.

How is blood unique among connective tissues? Answer: Blood does not give mechanical support, its matrix is fluid, the cells are loose, the fibers are soluble, it carries nutrients, waste products, and other substances and attaches to several gasses.

What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium changes cell shape from the basement membrane to the surface. At the basement membrane the cells tend to be columnar or cuboidal and flatten out as they work their way to the surface. Transitional epithelium has cells that are pretty much the same shape from the basement membrane to the surface. The surface cells are generally the largest cells. The cells change their shape according to the pressure applied.

How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? Answer: In epithelial tissue the cells are packed together very tightly. Epithelial tissue is avascular. Epithelial tissue has three cell types that cover or line things and make tubes. Epithelial tissue has no fibers and it tends to be polar. Connective tissue has cells spaced far apart and is highly vascular (except cartilage). The cells of connective tissue vary greatly in shape and size. Connective tissue glues other tissues together and has three fiber types. Connective tissue tends to be nonpolar. Connective tissue has a large amount of ground substance; epithelial tissue does not.

Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? Answer: Tendons are composed of dense regular connective tissue, which consists of densely packed, parallel connective tissue fibers. This type of tissue has relatively few cells and vascular supply is poor; consequently, repair is slow. Because of the structure of the tissue, surgical repair can be compared to attempting to suture two bristle brushes together.

Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? Answer: Adipocytes contain a fat-filled vacuole that can fill or empty, causing the cell to gain or lose volume.

What are the consequences to auditor of Sarbanes oxley act 2002? stricter enforcement of auditor independence rules and PCOB can request audit files of american subsidiaries anywhere in the world.

What are the consequences to management of Sarbanes Oxley act 2002? CEO's and CFO's must attest to the accuracy of financial statements and there is greater disclosure about amendments to accounts during audit.

What should you do if you suspect non compliance? Document and discuss with management.  Risk assessment.  Obtain evidence.

Benefits of an audit Independent scrutiny of business.  Additional assurance for banks for example.  Growing business will one day need audit.  Subsidiary audit benefits parent.

How can IT help in Data and information management? - Data stored and maintained economically. - Easy access to data from any part of the world. - Provides security to data by restricting unauthorized access.

What are different phases of information system development? 1) System Investigation 2) System analysis 3) System designing 4) System Implementation 5) System Maintenance and Review

Explain three functional units of CPU. 1) Control Unit Controls flow of data and instruction. 2)Arithmetic and Logical Unit Does arithmetic operations 3)Registers High speed memory units within CPU for storing small amount of data.

What is CPU? What are its functional units? Central processing unit which is also known as CPU is the brain of the computer. It is the hardware that interprets and executes the program instructions and coordinates how all other devices work together. Functional units: -Control Unit -Arithmetic Logic Unit -Registers

What is an operating system? What are various activities performed by it? Operating System is a software that helps in operating the computer hardware and acts as an intermediate between the hardware and the application program. Activities: - Perform hardware functions. - User Interface - Memory Management - Task Management - Networking Capability - File Management - Hardware Independence

How Can Information Reduce Risk When Making a Decision? Information is one of the four major resources (along with material, human, and financial resources) managers have to operate a business. - it is information that helps managers reduce risk when making a decision. 1) Information and Risk - Relevant Information -> Better Intelligence and Knowledge -> Better Decisions (important because they can provide a competitive edge over competitors and improve a firm's profits) - when the amount of available information is high, there is less risk; when the amount of available information is low, there is more risk - information, when understood properly, produces knowledge and empowers managers and employees to make better decisions 2) Information Rules - if dealers lower their prices, they will sell more cars - information rule emerges when research confirms the same results each time that it studies the same or a similar set of circumstances - businesspeople tr

What advantages did the Confederacy Have? -king cotton -first rate generals -strong military traditions -motivated soldiers

What advantages did the Union Have? -more resources =livestock: border states -more fighting power: =22 million (9 in the south) -more factories =90% manufactured goods in America -greater food production =livestock from border states -more extensive railroad system =supply lines

What military strategies did the Union use? -Anaconda plan- 3 parts =Union navy blockade Southern ports- no exports of cotton, or import of necessary goods =Union riverboats and armies move down Mississippi River- split Confederacy in two =capture Confederate capital Richmond, VA -at the end of the war, they decided to use the tactic of total war =attack civilians too- they are the support

Why was the Western Theatre important to both sides in the Civil War? -Mississippi River in the Western Theatre→ control of river, control of war -secured border states, especially Kentucky -Union blockaded Confederate ports -importance led to battles of Fort Henry and Donelson and Shiloh

When the Confederacy formed, what principles were explicitly included in their Constitution? -slavery would be "protected and recognized"- stressed each state would be "sovereign and independent" -stood for white-supremacy

Why did Border States remain loyal to the Union? -they were neutral -feared that they may be thrown into jail -if Union were to attack the South, the border states would be the first ones to be attacked if they were part of Confederates -Lincoln suspended habeas corpus in Maryland -Kentucky- very important border state, because it would lead to the domino effect if they secede

Why did the Upper South secede? -Virginia Secedes =Fort Sumter united the upper North, and many people enlisted when Lincoln called for troops, but upper South was not happy =April 17, Virginia seceded- heavily populated, and industrialized state→ huge loss for Union *Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed in May (11 Confederate states now) =western Virginia was antislavery, seceded from Virginia and joined Union as West Virginia in 1863 =Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri- remained Union, but many people fought for Confederates

What cases may a trust purpose be fulfilled whilst the property is still on trust? Answer: Where property is given for the maintenance or education of specified persons (kids might get full education but their property still on trust)

What happens in equity if the settlor has done everything they can to transfer the property? Answer: Equity does not perfect an imperfect gift Pennington, it merely finds the trust completely constituted from the day the settlor has done everything they can (or unconscionable to recall)

What is the guiding principle in the constitution of trusts by conveyance? Answer: The settlor must do everything in their power to transfer the property - Re Rose (settlor done all in his power to divest himself of shares), Milroy (failed to register the transfer of property), Pennington (donor intended to make an immediate gift of shares, would have been unconscionable for her to recall them, fully constituted)

What happens if conveyance requirements are not fully complied with? Answer: Where the settlor has done everything in their power to transfer the title to the property but cannot ensure compliance with some formality which is outside their control, will be completely constituted

What must you do to completely constitute a trust by conveyance? Answer: 1 effective transfer of the property to be included in the trust 2 settlors intention to convey is not enough - McArdle, Milroy (the settlor must have done everything which it is necessary to do to effect the transfer)

What if the subject matter is a definite but unidentified portion of asset or assets? Answer: Uncertain - where the asset is tangible (ie cases of wine) and it is not segregated. Certain - may be if asset is of an intangible nature - Hunter, shares found certain

What case addressed state liability apply about the courts? Answer: Koebler

Who applies the test of whether the state has breached EU law sufficiently seriously? Answer: National courts, they apply the conditions for state liability

What criteria is given by the court to determine if a breach of EU law was manifestly and gravely disregarded? Answer: 1 clarity and precision of the EU law 2 discretion left to national authorities 3 intentional infringement 4 excusable error of law 5 did any EU institution contribute to the error

How do you determine whether the breach was sufficiently serious? Answer: Did the MS manifestly and gravely disregard the limits on its discretion?

Why did the court establish the principle of state liability? Answer: Directive, No direct effect as duty was not unconditional, no indirect effect because there were no implementing measures so no remedy for the applicant, court said effectiveness of EU law would be weakened if people suffered loss and there was no remedy

Why shouldn't there be a resulting trust of a joint deposit account upon the transferor's death allowing the survivor a beneficial interest, who has made no contribution to the account? Answer: Allowing survivor beneficial interest is arguably form of testamentary disposition that bypasses Statutory formality requirements

What happens to money in a joint deposit account when the transferor dies (survivor has made no contribution to the account)? Answer: 1 resulting trust in favour of transferors estate 2 paid over to other party

What is the most common area of transfer of property into joint names? Answer: Joint deposit account opening where transferor or depositor alone retains control over the money in the account during their lifetime but displays the intention that the balance should go to the other party should they survive depositor.

How can intention rebut presumption of a resulting trust? Answer: Evidence of an intention to benefit the transferee, Standing (transfer of stock to godson, presumption rebutted)

What cases may a trust purpose be fulfilled whilst the property is still on trust? Answer: Where property is given for the maintenance or education of specified persons (kids might get full education but their property still on trust).

What is the guiding principle in the constitution of trusts by conveyance? The settlor must do everything in their power to transfer the property - Re Rose (settlor done all in his power to divest himself of shares), Milroy (failed to register the transfer of property), Pennington (donor intended to make an immediate gift of shares, would have been unconscionable for her to recall them, fully constituted).

What happens if conveyance requirements are not fully complied with? Answer: Where the settlor has done everything in their power to transfer the title to the property but cannot ensure compliance with some formality which is outside their control, will be completely constituted

What must you do to completely constitute a trust by conveyance? Answer: 1 effective transfer of the property to be included in the trust 2 settlors intention to convey is not enough - McArdle, Milroy (the settlor must have done everything which it is necessary to do to effect the transfer).