NaimExplain

What were some of the main causes of the decay and fall of the western Roman Empire? Answer: Epidemic disease caused loss of about a quarter of the population (as well as lead poisoning). "Barracks emperors" seized power, which led to chaos. External pressures such as germanic invasions caused Rome to collapse, after it was already weak.

How did China's culture change after the decline of the Han Dynasty? Answer: The fall of the Han dynasty presented a spectacle of chaos and disorder around China. War and nomadic Invasions led to population decline. Buddhism received strong support from nomadic people, as Indian missionary efforts attracted Chinese as well. Buddhism provided an important cultural foundation for the restoration of unified political order.

What were the long-term effects of the spread of disease along the silk roads? Answer: Decline of population was a leading factor in the collapse of both the Roman and Han empires.

Why is the rise of Manichaeism such a good example of the relationship between long- distance trade and the spread of religion? Answer: Cultures mashed together because of silk roads, Manichaeism is a mash of christianity, zoroastrian, and buddhism.

How did the silk roads facilitate the spread of Hinduism and Christianity? Answer: Beliefs spread quickly because of it was easier for missionaries to be sent to those areas.

How did Buddhism become the most popular faith in all of east Asia? Answer: Oasis communities spread beliefs to steppe people. Foreign merchants brought beliefs to China, and became more and more popular as Chinese began to respond enthusiastically to their beliefs.

In general, what regions were trades along the silk roads? Answer: Mediterranean basin, Roman and Han empires, Central Asia, and north Africa.

How did the trade networks of the Hellenistic era help set the stage for the silk roads? Answer: Maritime trade connected smaller areas together. Coinage became common. Economic and political development fostered economic organization and the emergence of states in the distant lands that they brought into interaction.

What developments in the classical era helped reduce the risks inherent in long-distance trade? Answer: Roads and sea lines, people traveled in caravans rather than as individuals.

Spread of epidemic disease: What consequences did it have on the Han and Roman empires? Answer: The large scale outbreaks (of smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, etc) caused the populations to decline sharply, wiping out up to a quarter of the population in Rome! Disease also claimed to life of emperors in Rome, such as Marcus Aurelius. Epidemics appeared later in China, but by 600 CE, China's population had dropped by a quarter to a third.

Spread of Xtianity: How was it helped along by the established trade routes? How did it evolve in the later Roman period? Answer: Missionaries helped spread to the religion. People, such as Paul of Tarsus and Gregory the Wonderworker, were known for performing miracles and popularizing Xtianity throughout the Mediterranean. In the later centuries, is became the prominent religion in Rome. In the later centuries (3rd cen) Xtians began to abandon mediterranean societies and live as hermits, devoting there lives to prayer and praise of God. By the 5th cen, Asian and Mediterranean Christians had gone separate ways, and branches of Christianity formed.

Spread of Buddhism vs. Hinduism vs. Christianity. What were the social and cultural implications of this movement of different faiths? Answer: Christianity : formed in Roman Empire. Spread beliefs through missionaries along Silk Road. Spread relatively quickly and become popular in Mediterranean (prominent religion in Rome), then Southwest Asia from 2nd to 7th century. Communities of people had same beliefs. Buddhism : established self in northern India by third century BC. Successful in attracting merchants, who helped spread beliefs. Gradually made way along Silk Road to Iran, Central Asia, China and Southeast Asia, first getting established in Oasis towns. Hinduism : similar to Buddhism, but mainly spread to Southeast Asia. Buddhist or Hindu advisors appointed in smaller kingdoms and associated selves with honored religious traditions.

What are the advantages/disadvantages of trade? How did trade along the Silk Road influence the societies that engaged in trade? Answer:  Advantages : culture, religion, and goods spread, made economy thrive and communication increase. Disadvantages : Disease spread. Trade on Silk Road was accessible, so even nomidis people could do it.

Han vs. Roman Empire: Are there common problems that always help to explain the collapse of powerful empires?  (Use examples from earlier empires to back up your arguments) Answer: They grew too fast, emperors didn't set up proper heir, bad emperor took power. Both societies had bureaucracies, who wanted and got more power. Both populations were effected by disease. Both faced nomadic force attacking and taking over them.

How was the religion of Manichaeism representative of the increasingly cosmopolitan world in which it developed? Answer: The religion was developed as a blend of over religions beliefs. This is similar to the blend of cultures and societies that was occurring because of the silk roads and increase travel and trade. Manichaeism also offered rational explanation for the presence of good and evil and allowed people to achieve personal salvation.

Christian church: What challenges did it face? How does it's rising relate to Roman History? Answer: Roman authority were against Xtianity bc Xtians refused to observe state cults that honored emperors divine being. Campaigns were launched against Christianity. Imperial officials viewed Christianity as irreligion bc they declined to participate in state-approved religious ceremonies and considered Christianity a menace to society bc zealous missionaries attacked other religions that sometimes generated violent conflicts.

Collapse of Roman Empire: What events allowed for the collapse? What's Rome's legacy? Answer: Internal and external problems allowed for the collapse. Bad emperors, disease, and germanic invasions were the main causes for the collapse. Christianity was the most prominent thing the Roman Empire left behind.

Manichaeism: Who was Mani? What's his philosophy? Was it an influential religion? Answer: Mani is a prophet who is a devout Zoroastrian. He was influenced by christianity and buddhism. He saw the need for a prophet for all humanity, and promoted a blend of Zoroastrian, christianity, and buddhism, creating Manichaeism. Philosophy: dualist, viewed world as site of cosmic struggle between the forces of light & darkness, good & evil, spiritual & material world. Mani urged followers to reject worldly pleasures (meat, sex, rich foods, etc), and rise toward light. The religion became popular and had a strong appeal because to offered a rational explanation for the presence of good and evil, while allowing ppl to receive personal salvation.

Examine the collapse of Han. What factors explain how this occurred? How influential in Han Dynasty on Chinese History? Answer: Hsiung Nu (aka Xiongnu) was a threat to the north, Wu had to build the Great Wall to protect empire. Han empire had to give a lot of supplies to Hsiung Nu in order to keep land unharmed. The government allied with wealthy land owners. Peasants had increasing economic pressure, which fueled the Yellow Turban rebellion. Generals stopped recognizing emperor as they became more powerful. Dynasty divided into three kingdoms (Wei, Wu, and Shu). After the Han dynasty, Confucianism became irrelevant, but Daoism and Buddhism were still popular. Han empire invented earthquake devise and anesthesia.

What calamity was Cyprian talking about in saying "It requires enormous greatness of heart to struggle with resolute mind against so many onslaughts of destruction and death"? What ways were the spread of disease and Christianity alike? Answer: Both Christianity and Epidemic disease led to the decline of the Roman Empire. Both spread quickly. Many Christians were dying from epidemic, and imperial authorities blamed them for the outbreak because they refused to honor pagan gods.

What is the difference between near transfer and far transfer? Answer: Near transfer occurs more easily and accurately, far transfer is harder to grasp and just harder to transfer in general.

Using the basic transfer design, how does a researcher know when negative transfer has occurred? Why? Answer: When the experimental group does worse on task 2 than the control group. For example, an experimental group learns how to play tennis. The control group rests. Then, both of these groups learn how to play racquetball. Usually, the control group will play better because the experimental group has tennis in mind.

Using the basic transfer design, how does a researcher know when a positive transfer has occurred? Why? Answer: When the experimental group does better on task two than the control group because what they learned in task one has aided them in learning in some way.

What are the essential elements of Spence's Gradient Theory of discrimination? Answer: S+ creates a gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red). The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference between excitation and inhibition.

What are the essential elements of Pavlov's Brain Theory of discrimination? Answer: The reinforce stimulus (S+) creates an area of excitation in the brain that produces a response(R). The non-reinforced stimulus (S-), creates an area of inhibition in the brain that inhibits responding and produces non responding (NR).

How does the mechanism at adrenal medulla explain why stress response in systematic? Answer: Release of NT epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood, so circulates through whole body. feel it from head to toes.

What happens at the Adrenal medulla with sympathetic ganglion? Answer: preganglionic sympathetic neuron innervates the modified postganglionic neurons (chromaffin cells) of the sympathetic nervous system via Ach which causes a release of epinephrine into the blood to target tissues.

What is the exception for some preganglionic sympathetic neurons? Answer: Some synapse at the adrenal gland which then in response secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood.

Which nerves originate from the thoracic lumbar region of spinal cord, and where do they travel to?  Answer: (T1-L2). Short preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit spinal cord and synapse on postganglionic neurons near spinal cord which then travel to guts, liver, heart, bladder, reproductive organs, etc.

What is a mid latitude (also called extratropical) cyclone?Where are they found? Answer: -a mid latitude cyclone-migrating low pressure system -they are found 35 to 70 degrees north and south extra factors include: may be 1000 miles across, pressure 990-1000 mb, counterclockwise in NH

What happens to the latent heat when water evaporates, condenses, freezes, or thaws? Answer: Latent heat when water evaporates is absorbed. When it condenses or freezes it is released.

How do the pressure gradient, coriolis effect, and friction interact to determine wind direction and speed in the Northern Hemisphere? The Southern Hemisphere? In the upper part of the troposphere away from the influence of the land surface? Answer: -Wind blows from high to low pressure as it follows the wind gradient. -The coriolis effect is the deflection of moving fluids and objects as a result of Earths rotation. In the Northern Hemosphere there is defleection to the right, in the Southern Hemosphere, there is deflection to the left. Maximum is at the poles. Zero at the equator. THe coriolis effect is proportional to the speed of the moving fluid. -Friction acts to slow the movement of air. By slowing air movement, friction also reduces the Coriolis force, which is proportional to wind speed. This alters the force balance in favor of the pressure-gradient force with the outcome that there is a movement of air at an angle across the isobars toward the area of lower pressur

What are the three main factors influencing direction and speed of the wind? Answer: 1.Pressure gradients -Wind follows the pressure gradient, that is, wind blows from high pressure to low pressure -Can be mapped with isobars 2.Coriolis effect -Deflection of moving fluids and moving objects as a result of the Earth's rotation -Northern Hemisphere: deflection to the right -Southern Hemisphere: deflection to the left -Maximum at Poles -Zero at Equator -Proportional to speed of the moving fluid 3.Friction polly cries frequently

What are the characteristics of an anticyclone, or high pressure system (temperature, dynamics)? Answer: An anticyclone is a region of high pressure. Winds, generally light, circulate around the high pressure centre in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Anticyclones are usually associated with fair weather in the summer and dry, cold, and sometimes foggy weather in the winter. Air at the center of an anticyclone is forced away from the high pressure that occurs there. That air is replaced in the center by a downward draft of air from higher altitudes. As this air moves downward, it is compressed and warmed. This warming reduces the humidity of the descending air, resulting in few clouds and low humidity.

Define air pressure. What influences air pressure in the open atmosphere? Answer: -Air Pressure - Average force exerted on a unit area by molecular collisions -Factors Influencing Air Pressure: (If all else is equal, in the open atmosphere). : ->As altitude increases, pressure decreases  ->As amount of water vapor increases, pressure decreases  ->As temperature increases, pressure decreases  ->Pressure  ->Decreases at the surface where air is rising  ->Increases at the surface where air is subsiding

What are the three components of a systems requirements document? a. Principal individuals in the IT department b. Users to answer their questions and invite feedback c. Presentation to management

Describe scalability and total cost of ownership. Why are system analysts concerned with these topics? a. Scalability- the system's ability to handle increased business volume and transactions in the future. b. Total cost of ownership- Combination of both the direct and indirect expenses of implementing a new system. c. Cost control is extremely important, so analysts must weigh the costs and benefits before making a final decision

What is a system requirement? Know the five general categories of system requirements (in the section titled System Requirements Checklist) and be able to provide two examples of a system requirement in each category and given a requirement, identify which category it best belongs. a. A characteristic or feature that must be included in an information system to satisfy business requirements and be acceptable to users. i. Outputs 1. Purchasing system provide suppliers with up to date specifications 2. Contact management system must generate a daily reminder list for all sales reps ii. Inputs 1. Department head must enter overtime hours on a separate screen 2. A data entry person at the medical group must input patient services into the billing system iii. Processes 1. The student records system must calculate the GPA at the end of each semester 2. HR must interface properly with existing pay-role system iv. Performance 1. System must support 25 hours online si

Why do analysts use modeling tools and techniques? What does modeling involve and what are three areas tools are used to describe? Answer: Models help users, managers, and IT professionals understand the design of a system. Describes business processes, requirements, and user interaction. Analysts use functional decomposition diagrams, business process models, data flow diagrams, and unified modeling language diagrams.

Describe RAD, its objectives, advantages and disadvantages. Rapid Application Development - Team-based technique that speeds up information systems developments and produces a functioning information system. Advantages : System designed faster, more cost savings Disadvantages : RAD stresses the mechanics of the system itself, and does not emphasize the company's strategic needs.

What is JAD and how are users involved? What are advantages and disadvantages of JAD? Joint application development, is a popular fact finding technique that brings users into the development process as active participants. Users have a vital stake in the information system, and should participate fully in the development process. They are/should be involved at every stage of development. Advantages : Users can participate effectively in the requirements modeling stage. More accurate statement of systems requirements, better understanding of common goals and stronger commitment to success of the new project Disadvantages : More expensive, can be cumbersome if the group is too large for the project.

What is requirements modeling? Answer: A fact finding to describe the current system and identification of the requirements for the new system, such as outputs, inputs, processes, performance, and security.

What is the overall objective of the systems analysis phase? Answer: To understand the proposed project, ensure that it will support business requirements, and build a solid foundation for system development.

Short-Run Supply Curves Slope Upward why? Answer: MC curve begins to slope upward as Q grows larger. Because the MC curve is the Supply Curve, Supply Curves also begin to slope upward at Q grows larger.

How do you control the confidence level, power, alpha and beta in a hypothesis test? Answer: The only control we have is the value we choose for alpha. However, the alpha value we choose also determines the confidence interval. β (we don't know the exact value of β but we know as gets larger β gets smaller and as gets smaller β gets larger BUT not at the same rate!), and the power of the test (1 - β).