NaimExplain

What are victim impact statements? • Allows victims to describe the physical, emotional, and economic effects of the crime beyond the visible harm they may have experienced. • Allows victims an opportunity to outline what they believe is an appropriate punishment for the crime. • They do NOT determine guilt or innocence in a trial.

What is restorative justice? Answer: Focus on repairing the harm inflicted on the victim and the community using a process of negotiation, mediation, victim empowerment, and reparation.

What are some "things" that people can be compensated for in a criminal case? • Medical and counseling costs • Replacement of property • Lost wages due to injuries • Other direct costs • Funeral expenditures

What criminal remedies are there for the financial burdens of victims? • Restitution-offender pays. • Private Sources- Insurance. • Civil Suit. • Victim Compensation Program. • Profits from Notorious Criminals.

What is the difference between restitution and compensation? Restitution : Offender Pays the victim-preferred. Compensation : The State pays the victim.

How does a driven pile transmit the load of a building into the soil? By friction between the sides of the pile and the soil, by end bearing of the bottom of the pile against firm soil, or by both these means.

Why is it necessary to carry shallow foundations below the frost line? If the soil beneath a foundation freezes, the foundation may be lifted by soil expansion or ice lenses.

When sheeting an excavation, which type of bracing is least obstructive to excavation operations? Tiebacks

What is the purpose of the slurry used in the process of constructing a slurry wall? The pressure of the slurry against the walls of the trench prevents the walls from collapsing.

How do we know how much foundation load a soil can carry? Building code tables give approximate bearing values for soils. For a more accurate determination, various laboratory tests and on-site tests may be conducted.

List and explain some cost thresholds frequently encountered in foundation design. 1) Building below the water table. 2) Building close to an existing building. 3) Increasing the column or wall load from a building beyond what can be supported by a shallow foundation.

Which type of friction piles can carry the heaviest load per pile? Precast concrete friction piles have the largest potential load carrying capacity, followed by steel pipe piles, steel H Piles, and site cast concrete piles.

What soil conditions favor the use of belled caissons? Belled caissons are practical only where the bell can be excavated from a cohesive soil, and where the bearing stratum beneath the bottom of the caisson is impervious to the passage of water.

If shallow foundations are substantially less costly than deep foundations, why do we use deep foundations? We use deep foundations in situations where competent soil lies too far beneath the surface to be reached by shallow foundations.

Under what conditions would you use a watertight barrier instead of well points when digging below the water table? A watertight barrier is desirable in situations where lowering of the water table would have serious detrimental effects on neighboring buildings, and is possible in situations where the bottom edge of the barrier lies in an impermeable stratum of soil below the water table.

List 3 different ways of sheeting an excavation. Under what circumstances would sheeting not be required? Sheeting may be by means of soldier beams and lagging, sheet piling, or slurry wall.

Explain in detail the differences among fine sand, silt, and clay, especially as they relate to the foundations of buildings. Fine sand consists of equidimensional particles that are large enough to behave as a particulate soil. Silt particles are also equidimensional but are much smaller, and silts are classified as fine-grained soils. Clay particles are even smaller than silt particles and are platelike rather than equidimensional. Unlike fine sand and silt, clay soils are governed in their properties by surface effects, and are therefore much more strongly affected by water content and the particular arrangement of particles in a given soil.

What is the nature of the most common type of foundation failure? The most common type of failure in foundations is differential settlement, in which overall settlement of the building is not excessive, but differences in the amount of settlement between different areas of the building cause failure of structural, cladding, or finish components of the building.

Explain a polymorphic association? Polymorphic associations allow a model to belong to more than one other model through a single association. RoR QA polymorphic1 A polymorphic association schematic, from Rubyonrails.org RoR QQ polymorphic2 Model structures of a polymorphic association, in Ruby code, from Ruybonrails.org Here, the class Picture belongs_to both Employee and Product, but does so through a single association rather than through multiple. Be sure to know an appropriate situation to create a polymorphic association, such as creating a comment model associated with multiple other models (articles, photos, etc.). The advantage of using polymorphism here is that it allows you to create a single comment model, rather than separate models for each one (PhotoComment model, ArticleComment model, etc.)

Describe the difference between class and instance variables? Class variables are created with the prefix '@@' and are shared by all objects in a class. Instance variables are created with the prefix '@' and belong to a single object within a class. Beyond the simple textbook definition, be able to describe an example of a class and how you would use class and instance variables within it, and how they relate to issues of class inheritance.

How would you create getter and setter methods in Ruby? Setter and getter methods in Ruby are generated with the attr_accessor method. attr_accessor is used to generate instance variables for data that's not stored in your database column. You can also take the long route and create them manually.

How and when would you declare a Global Variable? Global variables are declared with the '$' symbol and can be declared and used anywhere within your program. You should use them sparingly to never.

How does a symbol differ from a string? Short answer: symbols are immutable and reusable, retaining the same object_id. Be prepared to discuss the benefits of using symbols vs. strings, the effect on memory usage, and in which situations you would use one over the other.

How would you declare and use a constructor in Ruby? Constructors are declared via the initialize method and get called when you call on a new object to be created.

What is an object? Textbook answer here is that an object is an instance of a class and has state, behavior, and identity. In a plain text example, you can say that a truck and a car are both objects of the class Vehicle, or that apple and pear are both objects of the class Fruit.

What is the difference between a class and a module? The straightforward answer: A module cannot be subclassed or instantiated, and modules can implement mixins.

Explain how (almost) everything is an object in Ruby: Practically everything in Ruby is an Object, with the exception of control structures. Whether or not under the covers a method, code block or operator is or isn't an Object, they are represented as Objects and can be thought of as such. Take a code block for example: def what_is(&block) puts block.class puts block.is_a? Object end > what_is {} Proc true => nil Or for a Method: class A def i_am_method "Call me sometime..." end end > m = A.new.method(:i_am_method) > m.class Method > m.is_a? Object true > m.call "Call me sometime..." And operators (like +, -, [], <<) are implemented as methods: class String def + "I'm just a method!" end end For people coming into programming for the first time, what this means in a practical sense is that all the rules that you can apply to one kind of Object can be extended to others. You can th

What is CSRF? How does Rails protect against it? CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery. This is a form of an attack where the attacker submits a form on your behalf to a different website, potentially causing damage or revealing sensitive information. Since browsers will automatically include cookies for a domain on a request, if you were recently logged in to the target site, the attacker's request will appear to come from you as a logged-in user (as your session cookie will be sent with the POST request). In order to protect against CSRF attacks, you can add protect_from_forgery to your ApplicationController. This will then cause Rails to require a CSRF token to be present before accepting any POST, PUT, or DELETE requests. The CSRF token is included as a hidden field in every form created using Rails' form builders. It is also included as a header in GET requests so that other, non-form-based mechanisms for sending a POST can use it as well. Attackers are preven

What is the difference between Ruby's Hash and ActiveSupport's HashWithIndifferentAccess? The Hash class in Ruby's core library retrieves values by doing a standard == comparison on the keys. This means that a value stored for a Symbol key (e.g. :my_value) cannot be retrieved using the equivalent String (e.g. 'my_value'). On the other hand, HashWithIndifferentAccess treats Symbol keys and String keys as equivalent so that the following would work: h = HashWithIndifferentAccess.new h[:my_value] = 'foo' h['my_value'] #=> will return "foo"