NaimExplain

What causes occupational deafness? Answer: Nerve failure or damage to the cochlear auditory nerve as a result of age or trauma (including loud noise); the side effects of certain medications may also cause occupational deafness.

List common causes of a ruptured eardrum. Answer: A ruptured eardrum may be caused by the placement of sharp objects into the ear canal, an explosion, a severe middle ear infection, or a blow to the ear.

Name the major symptom of labyrinthitis. Answer: Symptoms include vertigo, nystagmus, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

What symptoms may an individual with Meniere's disease experience? Answer: Symptoms include vertigo, tinnitus, nausea, vomiting, and loss of balance.

What is myringotomy? Answer: Myringotomy is a tiny surgical incision into the tympanic membrane of the affected ear that promotes drainage and allows the middle ear to remain filled with air. Frequently, tympanoplasty tubes are inserted with forceps.

Precisely define otitis media. How is it classified? How is it diagnosed? Answer: Otitis media is inflammation of the ear with the accumulation of fluid behind the eardrum. It is classified as serous (clear) or suppurative (purulent). Otoscopy reveals a fluid-filled middle ear with an inflamed and bulging eardrum. Suppurative otitis media is diagnosed by an elevated WBC count and positive culture.

How does impacted cerumen cause deafness? Answer: Impacted cerumen adheres to the wall of the ear canal and against the tympanic membrane, causing conductive hearing loss.

Describe the three separate parts of the ear. Answer: The outer ear includes the auricle and external auditory canal. The middle ear includes the tympanic membrane, three ossicles, eustachian tube, and oval window. The inner ear includes the cochlea, labyrinth, and vestibulocochlear nerve.

Describe some ways cancer can affect the eye and adjacent structures. Answer: Cancer may affect the bone of the orbital cavity, the soft tissues and muscles that lie between the globe and bone, the optic nerve, or the eyelids. Ocular tumors may also occur.

What is the best way to help control diabetic retinopathy? Answer: The patient with diabetes is advised to keep optimal control of blood glucose levels and have frequent ophthalmic examinations.

Name the etiologic factors of macular degeneration. Answer: Macular degeneration is usually caused by age-related or genetic factors. It may be secondary to several diseases or the result of exposure to bright light or certain drugs.

What is the primary symptoms of refractive errors? Answer: Occasionally, the eye surface may become dry, resulting in eye irritation, itching, visual fatigue, or redness.

What are the possible causes of exophthalmos? Answer: Exophthalmos is caused by multiple factors, including enlarged intraocular muscles, retrobulbar mass, or edema of the soft tissue.

Explain the pathology involved in retinal detachment. How is this condition treated? Answer: Retinal detachment involves partial or complete elevation of the retina from the choroid that usually begins with a tear in the retina and causes partial-to-significant loss of vision. Early diagnosis is important, and treatment consists of either photocoagulation or surgery.

How is diabetic retinopathy detected and treated? Answer: A complete ophthalmic examination detects the retinal effects of diabetes, including microaneurysm, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization. The treatment of choice involves laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy.

Differentiate between the two primary types of glaucoma. Answer: Chronic open-angle glaucoma is referred to as the silent type because it may not be discovered until considerable damage occurs to the retina and optic nerve from elevated IOP. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is accompanied by severe pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision and redness of the eye, and photophobia, accompanied by an acute significant elevation of IOP.

How do cataracts interfere with vision? Answer: Cataracts block light as a result of the cloudy or opaque area in the normally clear lens of the eye, thereby blocking vision.

Name some possible causes of corneal abrasions. Answer: Possible causes of corneal abrasions include abrasions from foreign objects trapped in the eye, trauma or ocular injury, and contact lenses.

What are the pressing symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis? Is the condition contagious? Answer: Symptoms of conjunctivitis include redness, swelling, itching, tearing, and light sensitivity in one or both eyes. Purulent discharge is present in infectious conjunctivitis, and the condition is contagious.

Name a common etiologic factor in hordeolum and blepharitis. Answer: Hordeolum is an acute, localized swelling of the eyelid that may be external or internal and usually is a pyogenic (typically staphylococcal) infection or abscess. Blepharitis is inflammation that affects the eyelids; usually involves the part of the eyelid where the eyelashes grow.